Objective: Development of white spot lesion (WSL) is one of the main side effects of fixed orthodontic treatment (FOT). The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of WSL during FOT and to determine the significant factors. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty patients (78 girls, 72 boys) were randomly selected to determine incipient WSL development. Labial surfaces on pretreatment and posttreatment photographs were scored with a standardized visual scoring system. Results: The prevalence of WSL is 21% before FOT. After FOT, 65% of patients presented WSL. The incidence of patients who developed at least one new WSL during FOT was 55%. Only 35% of patients were free of WSL all the time. Age at start of treatment and oral hygiene were significantly associated with new WSL development (p=0.004 and p=0.018, respectively). Gender and treatment length were not associated with new WSL development. Conclusion: The incidence of WSL in patients treated with FOT was significantly high, and it appeared that the preventive therapies were insufficient. Clinicians should evaluate the oral hygiene status of patients and if possible, should not begin treatment at an early age. (Turkish J Orthod 2013;26:98-102)

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the treatment outcome of lower incisor extraction and to compare it with premolar extraction and non-extraction treatment. The sample consisted of 60 subjects with Class I malocclusion and moderate crowding. The sample was separated into three groups: extraction of a lower incisor group, extraction of a four first premolar group and a non-extraction group. All groups involved 13 girls and 7 boys with a total of 20 patients. The Peer assessment rating (PAR) index was applied to a patient's pre-treatment (T1) and post-treatment (T2) dental casts. T1 dental casts were also used for determining Bolton discrepancy. One-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey HSD tests were used for statistical analysis. For the mean percentage PAR score reduction for each group, there was one significant difference seen between the lower incisor extraction group and the non-extraction group (P = 0.047). For the mean anterior ratios, there were significant differences among premolar extraction group versus non-extraction group (P = 0.042) and non-extraction group versus lower incisor extraction group (P = 0.000). For the mean overall ratios, there were significant differences among the premolar extraction group versus lower incisor extraction group (P = 0.048) and the non-extraction group versus lower incisor extraction group (P = 0.001). Orthodontic treatment without extraction has a better treatment outcome than the four-first premolar extraction and single lower incisor extraction protocols in Class I cases with moderate to severe mandibular anterior crowding.

Objective: To compare the effects of different remineralization procedures on the surface roughness of teeth, shear bond strengths (SBSs), and Adhesive Remnant Index scores of selfetching primer (SEP) used to bond orthodontic brackets to previously treated demineralized enamel surfaces. Materials and Methods: A total of 140 extracted human premolar teeth were randomly divided into seven equal groups. Group I was the control group. A demineralization procedure was performed in the other six groups. A remineralization procedure was performed before bonding by using casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate, fluoride, a microabrasion mixture (18% hydrochloric acid-fine pumice), a microabrasion agent, and resin infiltration in groups III to VII. Brackets were bonded using a self-etching primer/adhesive system. The specimens were tested for SBS. The roughness and morphology of the enamel surfaces were analyzed using profilometer and scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance, Tukey, and G-tests at the a 5 .05 level. Results: Significant differences were found in the SBS values among the seven groups (F 5 32.69, P 5 .003). The lowest SBS value was found in group II (2.62 6 1.46 MPa). No significant differences were found between groups I, III, and VII, between groups III and IV, or between groups V and VI. The differences in the roughness values were statistically significant among the groups (P 5 .002). Conclusions: Remineralization procedures restore the decreased SBS of orthodontic brackets and decrease surface roughness caused by enamel demineralization. SEPs provide clinically acceptable SBS values for bonding orthodontic brackets to previously treated demineralized enamel surfaces. (Angle Orthod. 2016;86:661-667.)

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So, as a natural antioxidant and less hazardous, clinicians can choose pine bark solution instead of sodium ascorbate.