The aim of this study was to separate phenol from Bio-Oil obtained from the pyrolysis of agricultural wastes (BAW). The BAW was obtained in one step catalytic pyrolysis in which temperature of the reactor was kept at 30°C and then increased up to 900°C. After pyrolysis, the BAW was distillated and analyzed by Gas chromatography and Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection (GC × GC/TOFMS) Where BAW showed the presence of more than 120 other important compounds and phenol. After detection, phenol was separated by solvent extraction method, where Ethyl ether (C 4 H 10 O), Caustic soda (NaOH) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl) were used to separate phenol from BAW and then Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was done to confirm the recovery of phenol.
The use of titania-silica materials in photocatalytic processes has been proposed as an alternative to the conventional TiO2 catalysts, in order to facilitate the separation of products after the reaction. However, despite the large number of research in this field, the mechanism governing the photocatalytic activity of the mixed TiO2/SiO2 oxides is not clear. TitaniaSilica nanocomposite xerogels were prepared by sol-gel method. This work has been used to describe the synthesis and the photocatalytic properties of TiO2-SiO2 nanocomposite xerogel. The nanocomposite xerogels were prepared by keeping the molar ratio of TEOS:TTIP:MtOH:DIW at 1: 1:6:14 respectively and the catalysts used were HCl and NH4OH. After the preparation xerogels were characterized by FTIR, XRD, UV and LLS. All these techniques show the amorphous nature of Titania-silica xerogel.
An evaluation was made to determine the effect of the glycerides presence resulting from the incomplete conversion of soybean biodiesel produced via alkaline catalysis and ethylic route on engine performance, and emissions in formulations containing 10 and 20% (m/m) of biodiesel used as additives in base diesel with low sulfur content and cetane ratings of 45 and 50. By way of comparison, similar formulations were used with soybean biodiesel methyl route with low concentration of glycerides. Tests on a diesel cycle engine with a mechanical fuel injection system indicated that the presence of glycerides decreases the volatility of biodiesel and increase the cetane number of fuels. The higher the cetane number, the higher the particulate matter emissions and the lower the unburned hydrocarbon emissions. Formulations with cetane number 50 showed higher emissions of particulate matter. The presence of glycerides in biodiesel reduces the fuel's vapor pressure, thereby increasing the cetane number and emissions of particulate matter and lower emissions of unburned hydrocarbons. The specific consumption of fuels formulated with biodiesel increases due to its lower enthalpy of combustion and to the presence of glycerides in fuels formulated with soybean biodiesel produced via the ethanol route.
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