Background: Insomnia is defined as difficulty falling or staying asleep or a sleep state that cannot restore the body's condition. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a vertebrate model that has been extensively studied to study sleep and neurological disorders. One of the most widely used methods to examine the effect of the light-dark cycle on the circadian system is by exposing animals and humans to pulse wave light. Objective: To see the effect of light exposure on zebrafish larvae by looking at inactive state duration and sleep latency in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae insomnia model. Methods: This study used four groups of zebrafish larvae i.e : (1) normal group (2) minutes of light exposure and 2 minutes off (2/2)), (3) Four minutes of light exposure and 1 minute off (4/1), and (4) 24 hours on (24/0). Observation of larval movement was carried out on 5, 6, and 7 dpf (day post fertilization). Observation time was 30 minutes before and after turned off of light exposure. Results: There were significant differences on days 5, 6, and 7 between the normal group and the three light treatment groups on inactive state duration and sleep latency in dark and light conditions with p-values (p<0.05) and (p< 0.031), but there was no significant difference among groups of light exposure 2 minutes on 2 minutes off, 4 minutes on 1 minute off, and 24 hours on. The 24-hour on treatment showed the most inactive state duration among the light treatments, while the sleep latency was found in the 24-hour treatment. Conclusion: Light treatment of 2 minutes on 2 minutes off, 4 minutes on 1 minute off, and 24 hours on can cause insomnia, but the most substantial insomnia effect is obtained from the 24-hour treatment.
Diabetic Neuropathy is the most common complication from diabetes, which experienced in almost 90% diabetes patient. Evenly pain is one of the most common symptoms of diabetic neuropathic, but the pathophysiology mechanism of pain is not clearly known. The hyptosesis of toxicity of hyperglycemia on development of pain complication has been widely accepted globally, but there is other proposed hypothesis. Basic concept in management of painful diabetic neuropathic is exclusion of the other cause of painful peripheral neuropathy, improving glycemic control for prophylaxis therapy and medication use for alleviating pain. The first choice drug of therapy for alleviating pain are anticonvulsant, like pregabalin and gabapentin, and antidepressant, mainly that work on inhibiting serotonine and noradrenaline reuptake. In conclusion, the better understanding of painful diabetic neuropathic underlying mechanism can help to find a better management that improving the guideline quality in optimalizing pain control.
Dandy Walker Syndrome (DWS) and its Variants (DWV) is a congenital disorder that has prevalence of 1 in 25,000 to 30,000 births with the highest incidence occurs at age <1 year. However, patients may be diagnosed with DWS/DWV for the first time in adolescence and even old age. We reported the 70-year-old woman with a chief complaint of central type vertigo accompanied by disequilbrium. From history taking we obtained disequilibrium with gradual onset started in nine months and become settled since the last 6 months before she came to the neurology clinic. The patient also complained vertigo that have emerged since the last 3 month. A history of head trauma, stroke, dementia was denied. Physical examinaton show central nystagmus while other cranial nerve within normal range. Motor, sensory and autonomic status within normal range. Romberg test, tandem walking, disdiadokokinesia, and dismetria examination shows abnormal respons. MMSE results for patients within normal range (score:26). Head MRI shows Dandy Walker Variant in the accompanied by cerebral atrophy and degeneration serebelli Fazekas grade I. Patients receive symptomatic therapy betahistine mesylate 3x6 mg if necessary. Surgery management is not indicated because there is no sign of hydrocephalus or signs of increased intracranial pressure.
Introduction Insomnia is a global health problem. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an ideal model for studying sleep disorder due to its diurnal cycle. Centella Asiatica (CA) is thought to have an anti-insomnia effect, but its mechanism is not clearly understood. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of CA on insomnia zebrafish larvae model by observing sleep parameters including inactive frequency and movement distance. Methods This experimental study is divided into five groups of zebrafish larvae consisting of control group, insomnia group with 24 hours of light exposure for 7 days, insomnia group with CA concentration of 2.5, 5, and 10 µg/mL. Observation of zebrafish larval movement was carried out on 5, 6, and 7 dpf (day post fertilization) during 30 minutes before and after turning off light exposure. Results There were significant differences on 5, 6, and 7 dpf between the normal group, insomnia group, and all treatment groups with CA addition on inactive frequency and movement distance in light and dark conditions (p<0.05). Discussion This study showed that CA has an anti-insomnia effect. CA can improve sleep quality of insomnia zebrafish larvae model by increasing inactive frequency and shortening movement distance. Keywords Centella Asiatica, zebrafish, inactive frequency, movement distance.
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