For individuals who are overweight or obese, weight loss is effective in preventing and improving the management of type 2 diabetes. Together with other lifestyle factors like exercise and behavior modification, diet plays a central role in achieving weight loss. Diets vary based on the type and amount of carbohydrate, fat, and protein consumed to meet daily caloric intake goals. A number of popular diets are reviewed as well as studies evaluating the effect of various diets on weight loss, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors. Current trends favor the low-carbohydrate, low-glycemic index, Mediterranean, and very-low-calorie diets. However, no optimal dietary strategy exists for patients with obesity and diabetes, and more research is needed. Given the wide range of dietary choices, the best diet is one that achieves the best adherence based on the patient's dietary preferences, energy needs, and health status.

The prevalence of obesity in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is increasing and around one-third of adults with CF are now overweight or obese. The causes of excess weight gain in CF are likely multifactorial, including: adherence to the high-fat legacy diet, reduced exercise tolerance, therapeutic advances, and general population trends. Increased weight has generally been considered favorable in CF, correlating with improved pulmonary function and survival. While the optimal BMI for overall health in CF is unknown, most studies demonstrate minimal improvement in pulmonary function when BMI exceeds 30 kg/m 2 . Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease are important co-morbidities of obesity in the general population, but are uncommon in CF. In people with CF, obesity is associated with hypertension and higher cholesterol levels. With longer life expectancy and rising obesity rates, there may be an increase in cardiovascular disease among people with CF in coming years. Overweight CF patients are more likely to be insulin resistant, taking on features of type 2 diabetes. Treating obesity in people with CF requires carefully weighing the metabolic risks of overnutrition with the impact of low or falling BMI on lung function. This article describes current knowledge on the epidemiology, causes, consequence, and treatment of obesity in people with CF.

Extreme fluctuations of cortisol production, measured by sequential LNSC, are common in CD. In newly diagnosed disease, this may only occasionally impair diagnostic ability, whereas in most patients with recurrent/persistent disease after pituitary surgery, LNSC is frequently within the reference range, with potential to cause diagnostic problems.

A team-based approach, in a specialized pituitary center, can lead to initial and durable, long-term remission in patients with CD. The presence of a macroadenoma and tumor extension beyond the pituitary and sella were predictive of initial non-remission as well as risk of late recurrence.

Highlights Poor nutritional status and decreased lean body mass. Decline in pulmonary function. Increased mortality from lung disease. Microvascular complications. Macrovascular complications (not currently a significant complication but this may change with modulators).