Nanotechnology is one of the most emerging fields of research within recent decades and is based upon the exploitation of nano-sized materials (e.g., nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanomembranes, nanowires, nanofibers and so on) in various operational fields. Nanomaterials have multiple advantages, including high stability, target selectivity, and plasticity. Diverse biotic (e.g., Capsid of viruses and algae) and abiotic (e.g., Carbon, silver, gold and etc.) materials can be utilized in the synthesis process of nanomaterials. "Nanobiotechnology" is the combination of nanotechnology and biotechnology disciplines. Nano-based approaches are developed to improve the traditional biotechnological methods and overcome their limitations, such as the side effects caused by conventional therapies. Several studies have reported that nanobiotechnology has remarkably enhanced the efficiency of various techniques, including drug delivery, water and soil remediation, and enzymatic processes. In this review, techniques that benefit the most from nano-biotechnological approaches, are categorized into four major fields: medical, industrial, agricultural, and environmental.
Background: Currently, the standard method for staging and treatment of axillary lymph nodes for early-stage breast cancer is sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), while axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is used in cases with palpable axillary lymph nodes or positive SLNB cases. The aim of this review was to compare overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and axillary recurrence in early-stage breast cancer patients underwent SLNB or SLNB and completion ALND. Methods: The databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched using the key words of "breast cancer", "axillary lymph node dissection", and "sentinel lymph node dissection". In addition, other sources were searched for ongoing studies (i.e., clinicaltrials.gov). The clinical trials were evaluated based on the Jadad quality criteria, and cohort studies were evaluated according to the STROBE criteria. At the end of the search, the articles were screened independently by two reviewers to check their eligibility to be included in the study. Afterwards, the data were extracted independently by two researchers. Results: After searching the databases, 169 papers were retrieved. However, after removing the duplicates and studying the titles and abstracts of these papers, only ten ones underwent further investigation. After reading full-text of each article, four studies were finalized. Following a manual search, 27 papers were entered into the study for the final evaluation, 11 of which were included in the meta-analysis based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings showed no significant differences in OS, DFS, and axillary recurrence in early-stage breast cancer patients underwent SLNB or SLNB and completion ALND. Conclusion: The findings did not confirm that ALND improved OS, DFS, and axillary recurrence in patients who were clinically node-negative and positive SLNB.
Background: Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEMs) are a group of heterogeneous disorders resulting from absent or decreased metabolic pathway activity. They are typically rare, but are more common in consanguineous population. Methods: In this cross sectional study, all children with symptoms suspicious for IEMs who referred to Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd during a 5-year period (2013-2018) were investigated for metabolic diseases. The diagnoses were further confirmed by clinical symptoms and biochemical analysis. IEMs type, age of diagnosis, family history and disease outcome were recorded. Results: In this study, 39 symptomatic children with a median age of 48 months were diagnosed with different types of metabolic diseases. About 64.1% of the patients were born from consanguineous marriage. The patients’ mean age at the time of diagnosis was 25.3 ± 5.1 months. The most frequent disorders were organic acidemias which were found in 12 patients (30.8%), lysosomal storage disorders which were found in 8 patients (20.5%), and amino acid disorders excluding phenylketonuria which was found in 8 patients (20.5%). Most of the patients (60%) were diagnosed before the age of 6 months. Mortality from metabolic disorders was 5 (12.8%). The rest of the patients (22 cases, 56.4 %) had developmental delay. Conclusion: It was found that the prevalence of inherited metabolic disorders was higher in countries with a high prevalence of consanguineous marriage, such as Iran. More extensive newborn screening is needed for ensuring early diagnosis of these patients given that delay in diagnosis of this disorder may be associated with high morbidity and mortality.
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