Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma has a grave prognosis, but an aggressive approach, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, seems to improve survival. Higher doses of radiotherapy may have a survival benefit in candidates for palliative treatment and may be considered for patients with extensive disease.

TLM is associated with higher recurrence rates and lower DFS. Both patients with T1a and T1b disease had the same outcome parameters. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 1101-1105, 2017.

Objective The diagnosis of foreign body aspiration (FBA) is challenging. In a previous study, we developed a computerized scoring system (CSS) to support decision‐making. In the present study, we aimed to validate it on a further cohort. Study Design In this observational study, 100 children referred to the emergency department of a tertiary pediatric hospital for suspected FBA and treated according to standard protocol, were assigned a probability score using the CSS, between 0 and 1 (0, very low probability; 1, very high). The diagnosis of FBA was based on bronchoscopy, and if discharged without bronchoscopy, determined via telephone questionnaire, 4 to 6 months after discharge, supplemented by clinical re‐evaluation and bronchoscopy, if respiratory symptoms persisted. Results Thirty‐five out of 100 children (35%) underwent bronchoscopy with 12 of 35 (34%) positive for FBA. Sixty‐five patients were discharged without bronchoscopy and completed a telephone questionnaire. Seven patients required clinical re‐evaluation for persistent respiratory symptoms, in two out of them, additional bronchoscopies were performed and were negative. The CSS median probability score was 0.94 in patients with FBA, as compared to 0.73 in patients without FBA (P = .007). The CSS area under the receiver operating curve was 0.74. At a probability score threshold of 0.6, the sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 41%, respectively. Conclusion The present validation study suggests a high sensitivity of the CSS for the identification of FBA in children. We suggest that it might aid decision‐making with regard to the need for bronchoscopy in children presenting to the emergency room.

Background. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with growth impairment that usually improves following effective treatment. In this study we investigated the mechanisms underlying the growth processes in young children diagnosed with OSA, before and after adenotonsillectomy (T&A). Methods. Young children (6–36 months old) were enrolled and evaluated before and several months after T&A surgery for height, weight, circulating high sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels. Caloric intake was assessed by a validated Short Food Frequency Questionnaire (SFFQ). Results. Following T&A, children added 4.81 cm and 1.88 kg to their height and weight, respectively (P < 0.001 for both) and had a significant increase in BMI Z score (P = 0.002). Increased caloric intake of 377 kcal/day was noted (P < 0.001), with increased protein and decreased fat intake. The decrease in CRP levels correlated with the increase in body weight in boys (P < 0.05, adjusted for caloric intake). Conclusions. Adenotonsillectomy results in enhanced somatic growth in young children that correlates with a decrease in systemic inflammation and caloric intake increment. Our findings imply that systemic inflammation may have an important role in this OSA-related morbidity.