The results of this study showed that FS treatment produced high SBS of the processes assessed; therefore, it appears to be an effective method for bonding orthodontic metal brackets to prepared porcelain surfaces.

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Objectives. The purpose of this in vitro study were to determine variation in maxillary and mandibular vertical measurements and to assess vertical bone loss made from panoramic radiographs in edentulous measurements. Study Design. In this descriptive study, a total of 600 panoramic radiograph's of edentulous patient were examined. The mean ages of edentulous patients were 31 and 87 years respectively. Measurements were made from reference lines drawn from anatomic landmarks on standardized panoramic rediographs. All radiographs were made using a standardized manner by the same technician. Twelve sites were measured on every panoramic radiograph whenever possible, five sites in the maxilla and seven sites in the mandible. Results. In the maxilla all vertical measurements distance were significantly greater in the edentulous men than in the edentulous women (p<0,05). In the mandible all vertical measurements distance were significantly greater in the edentulous men than in the edentulous women (p<0,05). Conclusion.The results of this study may guide clinicians to make primer decision of implant insertion area for implant supported prosthesis in edentulous patients

Yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) ceramic is widely used as an all-ceramic core material because of its enhanced mechanical and aesthetic properties. The bond strength of Y-TZP restorations affects long-term success; hence, surface treatment is required on ceramic boundaries. This study evaluated the effect of different laser beam angles on Y-TZP-resin cement shear bond strength (SBS). Forty plates of Y-TZP ceramics were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10). A femtosecond amplifier laser pulse was applied on Y-TZP surface with different incidence angles (90°, 75°, 60°, 45°). The resin cement was adhered onto the zirconia surfaces. The SBS of each sample was measured using universal testing machine at crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The SBS was analyzed through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)/Tukey tests. The results showed that the degree of laser beam angle affects the SBS of resin cement to Y-TZP. The laser beam was applied to a surface with a 45° angle which resulted in significantly higher SBS (18.2 ± 1.43 MPa) than other groups (at 90° angulation (10.79 ± 1.8 MPa), at 75° (13.48 ± 1.2 MPa) and at 60° (15.85 ± 0.81 MPa); p < 0.001). This study shows that decreasing of the angle between the ceramic surface and the laser beam increased the SBS between the resin cement and the ceramic material, as well as the orifice.

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