This study aims to determine the effect of thermal pretreatment from pineapple peel waste on biogas production using a batch anaerobic digestion process. The experimental process was carried out on various variables, including observation time (30 days), operating temperature (25 -35℃), the ratio of starter and sample (1:1), also applied by two treatments, namely the anaerobic digester process without pretreatment and pretreatment using a hot water bath with a temperature of 60 ℃, 80 ℃, and 100 ℃, with a time duration of 25, 45, and 65 minutes. The results showed that the thermal pretreatment given to pineapple peel waste accelerated the biogas production process and reduced the lag phase in the anaerobic digestion process. The highest biogas production volume was obtained from pineapple peel waste, which was 616.33 mL (357.190 mL/g volatile solids), pretreated for 25 minutes at 60 ℃ (variable B3). The lowest biogas production was obtained from pineapple peel waste without pretreatment (variable A), which was 384.33 mL or 219.619 mL/g of volatile solids. The optimum % yield value of CH4 gas content reached 67.27%, which was achieved in the pineapple peel hot water bath pretreatment at a temperature of 100 ℃ with a water bath time of 25 minutes. Meanwhile, pineapple peel waste without a pretreatment hot water bath obtained a % CH4 yield of 60.19%. The lignocellulose analysis results with the highest hemicellulose and cellulose content were found in pineapple peel waste, pretreated for 45 minutes at a temperature of 80 ℃ (B9 & B10), with 22.1% and 55.2%, respectively. The B9 and B10 samples obtained the lowest lignin content of 0.41% for both samples.
Crude palm oil, consumed as a healthy food oil, contains a 3-monochloro-propane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) ester in the range of 0.04-0.05 ppm. The 3-MCPD compound is one of the contaminants belonging to the chloropropanol group that is genotoxin carcinogen. It is therefore necessary to develop an integrated palm oil refining through adsorption with a modified palm empty fruit bunch bioadsorbent to reduce 3-MCPD ester (<2 ppm / Codex Standard). Response Surface Method applied in the optimization study of the modified empty fruit bunch of oil palm. The research was designed by using Central Composite Design. The parameter process studied were temperature (60-800C), time (20-40 minutes) and oil volume (400-600 ml). Response surface of the pressurized liquid water extraction of curcumin was expressed by a second-order polynomial. The research showed that temperature was the most influencing variable for the adsorption of 3-MCPD from modified empty fruit bunch of oil palm. The response surface contour plots of the RSM on the effect of temperature, time and oil volume have showed that the optimum condition for the adsorption of 3-MCPD from modified empty fruit bunch of oil palm were adsorption performed at temperature of 86.80C, 46.81 minutes and oil volume of 668.17 ml.
Biodegradable Foam (Biofoam) production is an effort to reduce plastic waste in Indonesia. This product is made to replace Styrofoam, whose raw material is carcinogenic in the form of styrene which cannot be dissolved by the digestive system and is difficult to excrete through urine or feces which can trigger the growth of cancer in the long term and is harmful to the environment. Biofoam in this study is made from cornstarch with the addition of cellulose taken from paper waste. Based on the research that has been done, cornstarch-based biofoam with the addition of cellulose from paper waste as a biofiller can affect the physical and mechanical characteristics of the biofoam produced. The biofoam with a starch:cellulose ratio of 13:10 grams resulted in the best value of water adsorption in the amount 47.26%, also give the best result on tensile strength value and biodegradability value in the amount of 4.548 MPa and 11.943%. The addition of cellulose to the biofoam mixture in an appropriate amount will reduce the water absorption value of the biofoam. Because cellulose can cover the cavities generated by the starch expansion process in the biofoam. Therefore, the addition of cellulose also affects the mechanical properties of biofoam, namely tensile strength. Where the low filler composition in the biofoam will increase the tensile strength, but when the filler composition has passed an optimum point, the filler particles will experience agglomeration thereby reducing the tensile strength of the biofoam product. The variation in operating conditions in the manufacture of starch-based biofoam with the addition of a biofiller in the form of cellulose from paper waste did not significantly affect it. The variation in operating conditions only affects the visual appearance of the biofoam produced. Biofoam samples with the best visual appearance were produced at an operating temperature of 160 ? with an operating time of 30 minutes. Where high temperatures can affect th
Plastic in the form of Styrofoam is a synthetic polymer material which is very practical in its use. This garbage is very damaging to the environment if it is burned because it produces gases that are dangerous to human respiration. The use of styrofoam must be stopped and do an alternative effort for any eco-friendly packaging materials, namely bio-foam which uses starch as the main raw material. The potential source of starch is tapioca flour, and the main source for fiber is corncob for several reasons including plastics made from starch/biomass which are more easily decomposed by nature and are abundant, also less utilized. This research was conducted with taking fiber from the corncob waste, then mixing it with tapioca, sorbitol, Mg stearate, and PVA. After obtaining the bio-foam, a water absorption test and biodegradability test were carried out. The results of the water absorption test showed that the 1st treatment had the greatest water absorption, exactly at the immersion time in the amount of 15 minutes in 25.45%, while the biodegradability test with soaking time in the soil for 14 days showed that 1st treatment was the most easily degraded by 20.25%.
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