Inductance dependence of noise properties of a highT c dc superconducting quantum interference deviceEffects of thermal noise on the characteristics of the dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) have been studied. Numerical simulation on the SQUID characteristics operating at T=77 K has been performed by taking into account the thermal noise. It is shown that the voltage versus flux relation of the dc SQUID is degraded considerably with the thermal noise. The degradation becomes significant when the inductance of the SQUID increases. Due to this degradation, there exists significant limitation for the range of the inductance available at T=77 K, unlike the case at T=4.2 K. The maximum inductance should be around 200 pH in order to avoid significant degradation of the transfer function. This limited value of the inductance must be taken into account when we realize the SQUID coupled to an input coil. The analytical expression for the degradation of the transfer function due to the thermal noise is also obtained. The theoretical result explains experimental results reported recently.
Skin thickness and strength differ between male and female chickens. This study aimed to clarify the effects of estradiol on the expression of estrogen receptors and collagen mRNA in chicken skin. Estradiol was administered to male chicks for 3 weeks, then cryosections of skin collected from the cervical, thoracic, dorsal, and pelvic limb regions were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and dermal thickness was measured.Estrogen receptor and collagen mRNA expression was assessed using real-time RT-PCR, and collagen contents were determined. Estradiol did not alter dermal thickness or the collagen content of the skin from any tested region. Among the estrogen receptors, significantly more ESR1 mRNA was expressed in the thoracic skin of chicks administered with estradiol compared with vehicle (control), and in the thoracic skin compared with skin from other regions within each group. Estradiol did not affect ESR2, GPER, and COL1A1 mRNA expression. These results suggested that estradiol stimulates ESR1 expression in thoracic skin, but does not affect collagen synthesis in skin from any other region of male chicks.
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