Anthocyanins
(ACs) are able to protect neurons against β-amyloid-induced
neurotoxicity. In this study, we evaluated blood–brain barrier
(BBB) permeability of these compounds using a model kit to clarify
the mechanism of AC on the brain. Black currant or strawberry AC extract
was orally administrated to male Wistar rats. The urine and extirpated
brain were collected before and after administration and analyzed
quantitatively by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.
After administration of AC, several phenolic acids were detected in
the urine samples. Further, AC and some AC metabolites
were found in the brain tissue. BBB permeabilities of these compounds
were much lower than the positive control. Epigallocatechin, daidzein,
genistein, equol, and nobiletin presented high BBB permeability, whereas
apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, and kaempferol showed medium permeability,
and epicatechin, rutin, fisetin, resveratrol, and curcumin BBB permeation
was neglected. These results suggested that ACs were difficult to
cross BBB into the brain and ACs were not directly associated with
the prevention of β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity.
Anthocyanin (AC) is widely used as supplement of eye health in Europe and in East Asia. In this review, I describe AC effects to clarify the mechanism is important in order to understand the effects of AC on vision health. The bioavailability of AC is quite low but, reported as intact form and many kinds of metabolite. And AC passes through the blood-aqueous fluid barrier and blood-retinal barrier. In vitro study, AC had a relaxing effect on ciliary muscle which is important to treat both myopia and glaucoma. And AC stimulate the regeneration of rhodopsin in frog rod outer segment. Furthermore, AC could inhibit the axial length and ocular length elongation in a negative lens-induced chick myopia model. In addition, we summarized clinical studies of AC intake improved dark adaptation and transient myopic shift and the improvement on retinal blood circulation in normal tension glaucoma patients.
The aim of this study was to elucidate the presence of vitamin E homologues in medicinal plants. To identify various homologues in the matrix of medicinal plant samples, a method for simultaneous determination was developed using ESI(+)-LC-MS3. A complete separation of each homologue was achieved within 20 min using a PFP column and an isocratic elution system of water/methanol (10:90, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The ESI-MS condition for each homologue was optimized, and the m/z value and the fragmentation pathway of each homologue were summarized. This LC-MS3 method made it possible to detect the homologues without the effect of matrix; therefore, high sensitive analysis was established, and then, the MS3 makes it possible to extract from plants with methanol only. The LC-MS3 method was applied to identify the eight vitamin E homologues in 11 medicinal plants.
The aim of this study was to develop a simple and sensitive method to analyze several advanced glycation end products (AGEs) simultaneously using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and to apply this method to the quantitation of AGEs in brown-colored foods. The developed method enabled to separate and quantitate simultaneously seven AGEs, and was applied to the determination of free AGEs contained in various kinds of soy sauce and beer. The major AGEs in soy sauce and beer were N ε -carboxymethyllysine (CML), N ε -carboxyethyllysine (CEL), and N δ -(5-hydro-5methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)ornithine (MG-H1). Using the developed LC-MS/MS method, recovery test on soy sauce and beer samples showed the recovery values of 85.3−103.9% for CML, 95.9−107.4% for CEL, and 69.5−123.2% for MG-H1. In particular, it is the first report that free CML, CEL, and MG-H1 were present in beer. Furthermore, long-term storage and heating process of soy sauce increased CML and MG-H1.
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