MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a specialized class of small silencing RNAs that regulate gene expression in eukaryotes. In plants, miRNAs negatively regulate target mRNAs containing a highly complementary sequence by either mRNA cleavage or translational repression. As a model plant to study fleshy fruit ripening, miRNA studies in tomato have made great progress recently. MiRNAs were predicted to be involved in nearly all biological processes in tomato, particularly development, differentiation, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. Surprisingly, several miRNAs were verified to be involved in tomato fruit ripening and senescence. Recent studies suggest that miRNAs are related to host-virus interactions, which raises the possibility that miRNAs can be used as diagnostic markers for response to virus infection in tomato plants. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge systematically and advance future directions for miRNA research in tomato. microRNAs, tomato, research methods, target gene prediction, functional analysis
Traditionally, by means of full quantum theory, we present the intensity noise transfer function of an Er-doped fiber laser, on the basis of which we analyze the spectrum of the intensity noise. Our theoretical results are in agreement with the existing experiment results. This model explains not only how the noise is produced, but also how the spontaneous emission and dipole fluctuations have an effect on the output noise, which cannot be explained via rate equation theory. We analyze the physical sources of various contributions to the noise spectrum as well. The simulation results show that the noise of the Er-doped fiber laser mainly consists of the vacuum noise resulting from the output coupling, dipole fluctuation noise, the pump source intensity noise, and the spontaneous emission from the upper level to the ground level, which provides the theoretical basis for noise suppression. Compared to the solid laser, the Er-doped fiber laser shows lower resonant relaxation oscillation frequency.
In this paper, we propose an on-chip waveguide beamforming system for a 28 GHz millimeter-wave signal based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. The system consists of four true time delay (TTD) lines, each of which consists of nine Bragg gratings with different periods. The minimum period of the grating is 312 nm, and the maximum period is 344 nm. By optimizing the position of the Bragg grating in the adjacent TTD lines, a time delay difference can be generated between the adjacent channels. By adjusting the operation wavelength of the optical carrier, the TTD lines can provide 9 different beamforming direction angles from − 60 ∘ to 60° when the direction angular resolution is 15°. This proposed system has a useful application prospect in the phased array antennas of millimeter-wave communication.
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