Background: Kidney stones in the urinary system are formed from complex minerals that can interfere with the function of the kidney. This formation occurs gradually and can be observed from the appearance of the kidney stones cross-section which are cut along its longitudinal axis resembling a tree cambium. A deeper study on the composition of these layers will provide etiological and pathophysiological information on the mechanism of the formation and development of kidney stones. In addition, an accurate analysis on the composition of the kidney stone can provide a scientific basis to determine the choice of medical treatment and efforts to prevent from forming of kidney stones in humans.Objective: This study aimed to analyze the organic material that makes up kidney stones in each layer. Material and Methods:In this analytical study, the components and morphological properties of five kidney stones in each layer were characterized using Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) and Scanning Elecron Microscope-Element Distribution Analysis (SEM-EDS).Results: FTIR-ATR displayed the typical absorption peaks for each stone constituent component. The components of each layer showed the same peak value for each absorption peak which consisted of calcium oxalate monohydrate, struvite, ammonium ion calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate-calcium phosphate and uric acid. Meanwhile, the difference in the percentage and composition of the elements in each stone can be observed by SEM-EDS. Conclusion:From this study, it can be concluded that each layer of the kidney stones has a different percentage and composition of elements.
The appropriate treatment method for the patient with urinary stones can be determined from the information of the mineral composition of urinary stones. The prediction of the stone type could improve the selection of the interventional modalities. The study aimed to determine the type of the urinary stone for each layer based on the value of Housefield Units (HU) from micro CT-SkyScan images. Five samples were cleaned with 75% alcohol and distilled water. Micro skyScan 1173 was used to scan urinary stones with applied current and voltage of 66 mA and 120 kV respectively. NRecon software was used to reconstruct the projected image. Region of Interest (ROI) was set at each layer and analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The determination of chemical constituents of stones/fragments was performed using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy. The chemical compositions of calcium oxalate monohydrate, struvite, a mix of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, a mix of calcium oxalate and struvite and calcium phosphate, uric acid were accurately identified based on the micro SkyScan images with the mean HU. Micro SkyScan images could predict the chemical composition for each layer of urinary stones. However, more samples are needed for clustering various types of urinary stones based on HU value.
The Kidney stones in the urinary tract area formed due to many factors. Most medical cases, this disease was diagnosed after the order of millimeters or centimeters. The purpose of this study was to characterize standard polystyrene solutions with light scattering techniques as a calibration tool that will be used to characterize urine crystals. The first stage begins with a literature review and optical settings. The second stage, the arrangement, and components of the tool were validated by measuring the aperture width based on the experiment and measuring the most appropriate cuvette to be used in the sample. The third stage, polystyrene was dissolved with 10 ml of tetrahydrofuran and measured by variations in molecular weight and concentration of polystyrene. The molecular weight of polystyrene was 4000, 90000, 200000, 400000 and 900000 grams/mol. The results showed the width of the gap according to the experiment was 0.05 mm. The cuvette which has a diffraction width value similar to the measurement without cuvette (Blank) measured from the central beam axis to dark 1 was a cuvette diameter of 27 mm. The results of the polystyrene solution showed a diffraction width change in the polystyrene solution for each molecular weight and concentration change. The higher the molecular weight and concentration, the smaller the diffraction width.
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