Divisibility concept is fundamental to the development of another concept in elementary number theory. A study of the construction of the divisibility advanced mathematics teacher was done to provide empirical evidence of early genetic decomposition design. Through the question, we designed in the form of test sheets and interview, we explorer the construction of 3 students. The result of this qualitative study illustrated that construction of the divisibility concept on the problem solving of number theory represented in algebra.
The purpose of this study is to conduct measurements of the of Indonesians in the National Health Insurance (JKN) in 2020-2021. Indonesia, as of now, implements a national health insurance service since 2014. It is expected that JKN will expand its coverage to achieve universal health coverage (UHC) in Indonesia. BPJS Kesehatan (BPJS-K) was appointed as the administrator of JKN and had experienced deficit until 2019. One of the weaknesses of JKN in revenue collection is the absence of cross subsidy and pegged contribution in certain level of income that makes the contribution very low for the rich and vice versa for the poor. this, the current study is to increase public awareness that JKN is a cross-subsidy between the rich and the poor in order to produce a more sustainable JKN, better healthcare coverage, and better quality. The methods used in the study are quantitative and qualitative analyses using expenditure data from SUSENAS (National Socio-Economic Survey) data in March 2021 and income analysis from SAKERNAS (National Labor Survey) data in March 2021 to measure the ability to contribute to JKN proportional to their spending and income. In this study several simulations were used to calculate potential contributions based on the percentile distribution of accumulated income levels and expenditure levels of the poorest (0%) and richest (100%). The result of this study shows that 75% of the population had the ability to contribute JKN above the class 3 (informal workers) percapita per month premium (Rp. 42,000,-), 40% of the population has the ability to contribute more than Rp. 100,000, - percapita per month (class 2 informal workers contribution), and the richest 10% of the population has the ability to contribute above Rp. 215,000, - percapita per month. The results of this study demonstrate that some people have the ability to contribute more to JKN, thus making JKN to have a better sustainable financial capacity. Keywords: ability-to-contribute; JKN; income level; spending; increasing rate Abstrak: Tujuan kajian ini adalah menghitung kemampuan mengiur (ability-to-contribute) penduduk Indonesia untuk Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) pada tahun 2020-2021. Indonesia mengimplementasikan sistem jaminan sosial sejak 2014 yang diharapkan ke depannya JKN tersebut akan lebih luas cakupannya untuk mencapai cakupan kesehatan semesta (Universal Health Coverage/UHC). Namun BPJS Kesehatan (BPJS-K) yang ditunjuk sebagai penyelenggara JKN masih mengalami defisit hingga pada tahun 2019. Salah satu kelemahan JKN dalam pengumpulan iuran adalah masih kurangnya subsidi silang dan kontribusi dipatok pada pendapatan tertentu membuat kontribusi sangat rendah bagi si kaya dan sebaliknya bagi si miskin. Maka kajian ini untuk meningkatkan kesadaran penduduk untuk meningkatkan kontribusinya ke JKN dengan subsisi silang antara si kaya dan si miskin agar dapat menciptakan JKN yang lebih berkesinambungan, cakupan kepesertaan yang lebih luas, dan perbaikan mutu layanan. Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif dengan analisis pengeluaran menggunakan data SUSENAS (Survei Sosial-Ekonomi Nasional) Maret 2021 dan analisis pendapatan menggunakan data SAKERNAS (Survei Tenaga Kerja Nasional) Maret 2021 untuk mengukur kemampuan individu dalam membayar iuran JKN sebagai proporsi dari pengeluaran pendapatan mereka. Dalam kajian ini beberapa simulasi digunakan untuk menghitung kontribusi potensial berdasarkan persentil distribusi akumulasi tingkat pendapatan dan tingkat pengeluaran penduduk dari termiskin (0%) dan terkaya (100%). Hasil dari kajian ini adalah sebanyak 75% penduduk mempunyai lebih besar dari iuran peserta bukan penerima upah (PBPU) kelas 3 per orang per bulan (Rp. 42.000,-), 40% penduduk mempunyai kemampuan mengiur lebih besar dari Rp. 100.000,- per orang per bulan (setara iuran PBPU kelas 2 per orang per bulan), dan 10% penduduk terkaya mempunyai kemampuan mengiur lebih besar dari Rp. 215.000,- per orang per bulan. Dari hasil kajian ini ditemukan bahwa sebagian orang mempunyai kemampuan mengiur untuk berkontribusi lebih untuk JKN, sehingga JKN dapat mempunyai kapasitas keuangan berkelanjutan yang lebih baik. Kata kunci: kemampuan mengiur; iuran JKN; tingkat pendapatan; pengeluaran; kenaikan iuran
Action, process, object, and schemes is an acronym of APOS. The difficulty in the perspective of APOS theory is the inability of students to access specific schemes in all situations, thereby inhibit the construction of other concept. Knowing student’s difficulties in using the concept of division and divisibility is necessary to design genetic decomposition of that concept. This article is a report from qualitative research that discusses conceptual issues about the idea of division and divisibility given by prospective mathematics teacher students who use the APOS theory. The data for the study were collected from an interview. The researcher took three interview subjects from 30 pre-service mathematics teachers who have attended and completed a test on the division and divisibility in an elementary number theory course. These participants were selected based on their performance in the test. However, the interview conducted showed that there are five difficulties involved and they include solving the divisibility problem on integers, algebraic manipulation and recognize structures in algebraic expressions that correspond to the division algorithm or the definition of divisibility., distinguishing between variables and parameters on division problem presented in algebraic expression, associating between division algorithm and definition, and application of divisibility properties and theorems.
This study aims to examine the level of students' critical thinking skills after the guided discovery model was applied. The type of research in this study is a qualitative development research using stages: preparation, implementation and completion. Data collection techniques in this study were observation, tests, and interviews. Observation was used to observe students during the learning process using the guided discovery model, the test was used to determine the level of students' critical thinking skills after the guided discovery learning model was applied, and interviews were used to confirm the test results obtained by the students. The subjects in this study were class VIII SMP Negeri 40 Palembang with a total of 6 students. Through the guided discovery learning model, the results of this study were that the students' critical thinking skills were (1) Subject S1 had high ability with the results of tests and interviews that met the five indicators of critical thinking ability and on the subject of master's degree based on the results of tests and interviews that met four indicators of ability critical thinking except for reason indicators, (2) Subject S3 had moderate ability with test and interview results that have met four indicators of critical thinking skills except reason indicators and S4 subjects based on test and interview results have met three indicators of critical thinking skills except reasons and concluded, and (3) Subject S5 and S6 had low ability in based on test results and interviews only fulfills one indicator of critical thinking ability, namely situation indicators. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk dapat mengkaji tingkat kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa setelah diterapkan model guided discovery. Jenis penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif pengembangan dengan menggunakan tahapan yaitu ada tahapan persiapan, pelaksanaan dan penyelesaian. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi, tes, dan wawancara. Observasi digunakan untuk mengamati siswa ketika berlangsungnya proses pembelajaran menggunakan model guided discovery, tes digunakan untuk mengetahui tingkat kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa setelah diterapkan model pembelajaran guided discovery, dan wawancara digunakan untuk mengkonfirmasi hasil tes yang telah diperoleh siswa. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah kelas VIII SMP Negeri 40 Palembang dengan jumlah siswa sebanyak 6 siswa. Melalui model pembelajaran guided discovery maka hasil penelitian ini adalah diperoleh kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa yang (1) berkemampuan tinggi pada subjek S1 dengan hasil tes dan wawancara telah memenuhi kelima indikator kemampuan berpikir kritis dan pada subjek S2 berdasarkan hasil tes dan wawancara telah memenuhi empat indikator kemampuan berpikir kritis kecuali indikator alasan, (2) berkemampuan sedang pada subjek S3 dengan hasil tes dan wawancara telah memenuhi empat indikator kemampuan berpikir kritis kecuali indikator alasan dan pada subjek S4 berdasarkan hasil tes dan wawancara telah memenuhi tiga indikator kemampuan berpikir kritis kecuali alasan dan menyimpulkan, dan (3) berkemampuan rendah pada subjek S5 dan subjek S6 berdasarkan hasil tes dan wawancara hanya memenuhi satu indikator kemampuan berpikir kritis yaitu indikator situasi.
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