An accurate selection of strain energy function (SEF) plays a very important role for predicting the actual behavior of rubber material in the finite element analysis (FEA). The common method for selecting the SEF is by using the curve fitting procedure. However, the behavior of some typical rubbers, such as low grade rubbers (average hardness value of 47.2), cannot be predicted well by only using the curve fitting procedure. To accurately predict the actual behavior of such specifically nearly incompressible material, a series of FEA were carried out to simulate the actual behavior of four physical testing materials, namely the uniaxial, the planar shear, the equibiaxial, and the volumetric tests. This FEA is intended to examine the most suitable constitutive model in representing the rubber characteristics and behavior. From the comparisons, it can be concluded that the Ogden model provides a reasonably accurate prediction compared to the remaining investigated constitutive material models. Finally, the appropriate SEF, i.e. the Ogden model, was adopted for modeling a low-cost rubber base isolator (LCRBI) in the finite element analysis (FEA). The simple uniaxial compression test of the LCRBI is required for validating that the selected SEF works for predicting the actual behavior of LCRBI.
Introdution: This paper proposed a Small Buckling-Restrained Brace (SBRB) for the ductile truss moment frames and is called here as the Double Braced Truss Moment Frames (DB-TMF). The braces are located at the edge of the truss girder and are only placed around the building perimeter. The braces work in pair as a weak element (structural fuses) and is expected to effectively absorb the seismic energy. The proposed DB-TMF system is an extended development of the Knee Braced Truss Moment Frames (KB-TMF). The DB-TMF system is expected to carry the whole seismic loads, while the rest of the frame is designed to carry only the gravity loads. Methods: To study the performance of the proposed DB-TMF system, non-linear finite element analysis was carried out using the DRAIN-2DX package. From the analysis with various time history records, it was found that the drift ratio of the DB-TMF system is lower than the allowed story drift. The roof-top displacement shows an asymptotic behavior. The shape of the hysteresis curve tends to have a pinching shape. However, the cumulative ductility of the proposed system satisfies the requirements as a hysteretic structure. In the event of an earthquake, only the SBRB and the chords adjacent to the column element are damaged while the rest of the structural elements remain elastic which is expected. Results and Conclusion: Based on the performance evaluation of the DB-TMF system, the DB-TMF system is suitable for moderate seismic region and has smaller dimension steel sections compared to the KB-TMF system.
The basic concept of the application of base isolation is by extending the natural period of the structure in order to provide lower seismic acceleration. The paper focuses on the investigation of the application of lead-rubber bearings (LRBs) instead of pot bearings in a new Kutai Kartanegara steel arch bridge located in East Kalimantan province. Even though the bridge is known located in Seismic Zone 1 (the zone with the least seismic risk as per SNI 2833-2013), the study was extended for other higher risk seismic zones, namely Seismic Zones 2, 3, and 4. With the aid of Midas software, the analyses of the bridge structures were carried out and it can be concluded that the higher the seismic risk, the more effective the use of LRBs in dissipating the earthquake energy before transmitting to the bridge superstructure. The reductions of seismic base shears obtained from the analyses were between 23.10 and 44.67 percent and 17.07 and 31.47 percent in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively. However, the application of LRBs has a consequence of increasing the horizontal displacements of the bridge, which can be solved by introducing either larger expansion joints or passive dampers. In order to validate the seismic responses, the bridge was analyzed using Time History Analysis (THA) by imposing seven earthquake ground motions, which were scaled to a spectral design of Padang as a requirement by the Indonesian code.
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