Background: Healthcare disparities in China are attracting attention not only in the country but also worldwide. However, few studies have evaluated the changes in equality of healthcare resource distribution among provinces in China. This study was conducted to provide healthcare resource allocation advice to government medical management institutions. We aimed to (I) analyze changes in healthcare disparities in China from 1998 to 2016 through data visualization and (II) determine what factors are related to the changes. Methods: We evaluated healthcare disparities in China by collecting statistical data on healthcare in China from 1998 to 2016 and calculating the Gini coefficient of healthcare resource distribution among the provinces, and comparatively observed the trend of Gini coefficient. Data used in this study were taken from the China Statistical Yearbook (1999-2017).Results: From 2008 to 2016, the Gini coefficient for doctors and nurses dropped by 0.048 (39.4%) and 0.058 (40.9%), respectively. The increase rate of number of nurses is the highest (109.0%), and at the same time, the distribution of nurses is also the most significant. On the other hand, since 2002, the Gini coefficient of healthcare institutions has fluctuated between 0.150 and 0.200. few changes were found in number of medical institutions.Conclusions: Since 2004, the distribution of health human resource has been improving due to the abundance of healthcare resources in China; however, the distribution of healthcare institutions has not been improving. We consider that the enrichment of medical resources has a positive impact on the distribution of human resources, but not on the distribution of physical and financial resources. This situation is considered to be one of the results of several health issues in China, such as the existence of super hospitals with thousands of beds in the inland areas, which interferes with the establishment of China's hierarchical medical system.
Background: In China, a developing country, the imbalance of development exists in different fields, and the inequalities in the distribution of healthcare services have garnered increasing attention. This study aimed to assess the healthcare services allocation and compare the latest distribution ratios of the essential healthcare indicators with the national requirement values announced by the government to research the level of healthcare development in China. Methods: Data were extracted from the Chinese Statistical Yearbook (2010–2019). The Healthcare Resource Density Index (HRDI) was used to evaluate equity in the demographic and geographical dimensions. The requirement values related to the ratio of doctors, nurses, and institution beds per thousand people were drawn from government documents. The data of healthcare serviceability indicators were compared with those requirements to check the situation of each province’s medical development. Results: From 2010 to 2018, there was a sustainable upward trend in government investment, however, a noticeable drop in the investment in northeast areas was seen. Although the HRDI of the institutions, beds, doctors, and nurses experienced some small fluctuations over the years, the developing areas in the middle-west areas had almost approached the level of developed east areas. There were only four provinces that met the requirements of the government in all three indicators (the ratio of institution beds, doctors, and nurses per thousand people). Conclusion: The equality of the distribution of healthcare services in China was unfair between the eastern and middle-western areas. The government launched the developing requirements and paid additional attention to narrowing the imbalance among different economic level regions to meet the needs of the local people. Although many provinces did not meet the requirements for medical resources in 2019, the distribution of healthcare services was approached relatively equitably countrywide.
Real estate industry, as an obviously important force in the economic development of various countries, is closely concerned by the government with strengthened management measures. The problems of harmony about the rights and obligations between stakeholders lead to many problems in this market, such as the investment risk, unreasonable market structure, malicious speculation and so on. Chinese government can learn the effective management measures from foreign governments in the real estate market, to hold market equity, maintain fair market transactions, supervise market order, respect reasonable transactions, protect the residence rights of lowincome groups and promote the orderly development of the market.
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