Hyperuricemia is an independent hazard factor of renal
injury and
can induce renal fibrosis, promoting the development of chronic kidney
disease (CKD). This study aimed to explore the probability of chlorogenic
acid (CGA) as a potential substance for preventing hyperuricemia nephropathy
(HN). Pretreatment with CGA downregulated SUA, BUN, and CR levels,
relieved oxidative stress and inflammatory response, alleviated kidney
fibrosis, and contributed to the prevention of HN. In the gut microbiota, Blautia, Enterococcus, and Faecalibaculum related to trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) synthesis were significantly
increased in HN rats. In addition, it showed a significant increase
in serum TMAO content in HN rats. However, CGA regulated the cascade
response of the microbiota-TMAO signaling to reverse the increase
of serum TMAO. CGA also decreased the protein expression of protein
kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation, phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K),
and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by reducing the production
of TMAO. CGA delayed kidney fibrosis in HN rats as evidenced by regulating
the cascade response of the microbiota-TMAO-PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling
pathway. In summary, CGA can be an excellent candidate for HN prevention.
Thermal treatment of lipids rich in fatty acids contributes to the formation of lipid oxidation products (LOPs), which have potentially harmful effects on human health. This study included soybean oil (SO), palm oil (PO), olive oil (OO), and lard oil (LO) as the research objects, with an aim to investigate the impact of heating temperature and fatty acid type on the generation of LOPs (α-dicarbonyl compounds, malondialdehyde (MDA), α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, and 16 volatile aldehydes). Results showed that LOPs increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the increase in temperature (100 ~ 200°C). Furthermore, the amount of 2,3-butanedione (159.53 μg/g), MDA (3.15 μg/g), 4-hydroxy-hexenal (3.03 μg/g), 2-butenal (292.18%), 2-pentenal (102.26%), hexanal (898.72%), and 2,4-heptadienal (E, E) (2182.05%) were more at 200°C in SO rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) than other oils. Results from heat map analysis indicated that the 2, 4-heptadienal, and glyoxal related to the myristic acid of oil. Moreover, the MDA was in close association with PUFAs. Based on the effect of temperature and fatty acid type on the generation of LOPs, this study could serve as a control method to reduce harmful LOPs.
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