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The use of appropriate adjuvants that support the generation of robust and long-lasting antitumor immune responses is crucial for tumor immunotherapy owing to the immunosuppressive environment of the growing tumor. However, the most commonly used adjuvant, aluminum hydroxide, is ineffective for generating such immune responses and therefore not suitable for cancer immunotherapy. It is now shown that plain hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres markedly improve the antitumor immunity, the Th1 and Th2 immunity, and the CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector memory T cell population in bone marrow in vivo and may thus be used as immunoadjuvants to treat cancer in humans.

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The equilibrium solubility of Mg-containing β-tricalcium phosphate (βMgTCP) with various magnesium contents was determined by immersing βMgTCP powder for 27 months in a CH 3 COOH-CH 3 COONa buffer solution at 25 °C under a nitrogen gas atmosphere. The negative logarithm of the solubility product (pK sp ) of βMgTCP was expressed as pK sp = 28.87432 + 1.40348C − 0.3163C 2 + 0.04218C 3 − 0.00275C 4 + 0.0000681659C 5 , where C is the magnesium content in βMgTCP (mol.%). The solubility of βMgTCP decreased with increasing magnesium content owing to the increased structural stability and possible formation of a whitlockite-type phase on the surface. As a result, βMgTCP with 10.1 mol.% magnesium had a lower solubility than that of hydroxyapatite below pH 6.0. βMgTCP was found to be more soluble than zinc-containing β-tricalcium phosphate given the same molar content of zinc or magnesium. The solubility of βMgTCP and release rate of magnesium from βMgTCP can be controlled by adjusting the Mg content by selecting the appropriate pK sp .