Erythrocebus patas has a short inter-birth interval, juveniles become independent from their mother early, females are young at first birth, and adult females have a high mortality rate. According to Schultz's rule, the molars of fast-growing and shorter-lived primate species erupt early relative to the replacement teeth. Based on the life history of E. patas, we hypothesized that the molars would erupt before the replacement teeth and/or that the eruption time of its molars would be early. The purpose of the present study was to determine the dental eruption sequence and eruption times for E. patas and to test our hypothesis. The eruption sequence for the permanent teeth of E. patas is M1 I1 I2 M2 P3 P4 [C M3]/M1 I1 I2 M2 P4 [P3 C]M3 in males and M1 I1 I2 [M2 P4 P3 C]M3/M1 I1 I2 [M2 P4 P3 C]M3 in females. Because these sequences constitute the general pattern seen in cercopithecines, Schultz's rule could not be applied to E. patas. The emergence time of upper and lower first molar (M1) is earlier in E. patas than in macaques, baboons, and mandrills and is similar to that in Chlorocebus aethiops. The emergence time of deciduous upper and lower fourth premolar (dp4) is similar to that in the above-mentioned cercopithecines but is later than that in Ch. aethiops. The emergence times of upper and lower second molar (M2) and upper and lower third molar (M3) in E. patas are earlier than those in the above-mentioned cercopithecines but later than those in Ch. aethiops. However, the intervals of the emergence time between each permanent molar in E. patas are similar to those of the above-mentioned cercopithecines. The early appearance of M2 and M3 in E. patas is related to the short interval of emergence time between dp4 and M1.
The talus is used in many kinds of studies on primates including fossil species, and most of the individuals studied are adults. One of the most important indicators of adult individuals is epiphyseal closure; however, because the talus has no epiphysis, it is difficult to determine the maturity of the talus. The calcaneus has one epiphysis, and it has been used along with the talus in some analyses. The objective of this study was to quantify the maturation trajectory of the talus using epiphyseal closure of the calcaneus as a benchmark. We used 71 skeletons of free-ranging Macaca fuscata fuscata males of known day-age. We did not identify any size increase with age in talar dimensions among specimens with complete calcaneal epiphyseal closure. Thus, in male M. fuscatafuscata, the maturation trajectory of the talus can be quantified using epiphyseal closure of the calcaneus as a benchmark.
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