Landscape ecology belongs to the macroecological spatial studies and its theory focuses on spatial heterogeneity and ecological holism. Landscape rehabilitation based on ecological planning and design can be used satisfactorily to restore degraded mining land to make it productive and reestablish a stable ecological equilibrium that is coordinated with its surroundings in order to attain ecological holism. Degraded mining land can be classi®ed into diverse types, with different rehabilitation methods possible for each of the classi®cations. In addition, degraded mining lands are also associated with various types of landscape. Accordingly, landscape rehabilitation goals can only be realized by working out reasonable macrolandscape patterns and establishing suitable microecological conditions based on the landscape ecology.
BackgroundHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has attracted the attention of researchers as a result of its high incidence around the world. This malignancy occurs in the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx in most cases. A number of lncRNAs have been revealed to regulate the malignant neoplasia of several cancers. Nevertheless, the effects of lncRNA LINC00467 in HNSCC have not yet been reported.MethodsThe expression of LINC00467, miR‐299‐5p and ubiquitin specific protease‐48 (USP48) in HNSCC cells was quantified by a quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. The influences of LINC00467 deficiency on HNSCC progression were reflected by cell counting kit‐8, colony formation, ethynyl‐2‐deoxyuridine, wound healing and western blot assays. RIP and luciferase reporter assays were conducted to confirm the interaction among LINC00467, miR‐299‐5p and USP48.ResultsLINC00467 was considerably upregulated in HNSCC cells, and an absence of LINC00467 suppressed cell growth, cell migration and the epithelial–mesenchymal process in HNSCC. In addition, miR‐299‐5p expression was notably downregulated in HNSCC cells, and miR‐299‐5p could bind with LINC00467. Furthermore, USP48 was conspicuously overexpressed in HNSCC cells and capable of binding with miR‐299‐5p. LINC00467 could upregulate USP48 expression via sponging miR‐299‐5p. Finally, rescue assays proved that USP48 overexpression could compensate for the suppressive effects on HNSCC progression mediated by LINC00467 deficiency.ConclusionsLINC00467 enhances HNSCC progression by serving as a sponge of miR‐299‐5p to increase USP48 expression.
Seventeen glass vessels and twenty glass beads recovered from the excavations at the ancient city of Malindi and the archaeological site of Mambrui in Kenya, east Africa were analysed using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The results show that all of the glass samples are soda-lime-silica glass. They belong to the high alumina-plant ash glass type, characterised by high alumina and relatively low calcium contents, widely distributed in eastern (10 th-16 th centuries AD) and southern Africa (13 th-15 th centuries AD), Central Asia (9 th-14 th centuries AD) and southeast Asia (12 th-13 th centuries AD), made with plant ashes and sands. This is an understudied glass type for which previous research has indicated there were three types. When compared with published research on such glasses using Zr, Ti, Ba, Cr, La, Li, Cs, Na 2 O, MgO and CaO we have identified at least four different compositional groups of v-Na-Al glass: Types A, B, C and D. By comparing the results with contemporary v-Na-Al glass vessels and beads from Central Asia, Africa, and southeast Asia we show that most of the Malindi and Mambrui glass share similar characteristics to the compositions of Mapungubwe Oblate and some of the Madagascar glass beads from southern Africa. They belong to Type A v-Na-Al glass which is characterised by an elevated level of Ti and Ba and a relatively high ratios of Cr/La, relatively low Zr concentrations and low ratios of Zr/ Ti. Differences in Zr, Li, MgO and Na 2 O concentrations in Type A glass indicates that there are subgroups which might derive from different glass workshop(s) specialising in Type A v-Na-Al glass production. Comparison with the chemical compositions of glass from Ghazni, Afghanistan and Termez, Uzbekistan, and by using lead isotope analysis, we suggest v-Na
Heteropoda venatoria in the family Sparassidae is highly valued in pantropical countries because the species feed on domestic insect pests. Unlike most other species of Araneomorphae, H. venatoria uses the great speed and strong chelicerae (mouthparts) with toxin glands to capture the insects instead of its web. Therefore, H. venatoria provides unique opportunities for venom evolution research. The venom of H. venatoria was explored by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight and analyzing expressed sequence tags. The 154 sequences coding cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) revealed 24 families based on the phylogenetic analyses of precursors and cysteine frameworks in the putative mature regions. Intriguingly, four kinds of motifs are first described in spider venom. Furthermore, combining the diverse CRPs of H. venatoria with previous spider venom peptidomics data, the structures of precursors and the patterns of cysteine frameworks were analyzed. This work revealed the dynamic evolutionary trends of venom CRPs in H. venatoria: the precursor has evolved an extended mature peptide with more cysteines, and a diminished or even vanished propeptides between the signal and mature peptides; and the CRPs evolved by multiple duplications of an ancestral ICK gene as well as recruitments of non-toxin genes.
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