Background Since the COVID-19 outbreak, preliminary research has shown that some risk-associated conditions increase death and severe complications of the disease, hypertension being one of them. Thus, numerous meta-analyses have been conducted to explore this issue. Therefore, this umbrella review aims to perform a meta-analysis of the meta-analyses to estimate the prevalence and associated risks of hypertension in patients with COVID-19. Methods PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for the published meta-analyses up to January 1, 2022. Google Scholar, citation check, reference check, and Grey literature were also manually searched. A random-effect model approach was used for analysis. Results The overall death rate was estimated at 12%. Hypertension was present in 25% of the patients as a comorbid disease. The overall RR for death, disease severity, and the possibility of ICU admission were estimated at 1.79 [1.68–1.89 with 95% CI], 1.74 [1.66–1.83 with 95% CI], and 1.91 [1.48–2.34 with 95% CI], respectively. The meta-regression results showed that being “male” significantly increases the risk of disease severity and ICU admission. Conclusions The results indicated that hypertension is a common comorbid disease in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, which significantly increases mortality risk, the severity of the disease, and the probability of ICU admission. Systematic review registration This study has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021231844).

Introduction: Today, issues related to meaning and spirituality are accepted as essential parts of chronic diseases’ experience as they may seriously affect people's attitude towards their ego, illness and future. The present study was conducted to investigate the spiritual health of the patients with gastrointestinal cancers and its association with general health. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 128 patients with gastrointestinal cancer ≤54 years with knowledge of their disease type at Imam Reza Hospital and Shahid Madani Hospital in Tabriz, Iran. Samples were selected using the simple sampling method. The spiritual status of the patients was evaluated using the Paloutzian & Ellison (1982) questionnaire & General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and the checklist designed by the researchers, containing demographic characteristics. Data analysis, including the descriptive analytic statistics, independent t-test, correlation coefficient and Pearson correlation coefficient and regression model were done using SPSS V16 software. Results: Regarding Pearson correlation coefficient, there was a significant association between general health and spiritual well-being (p=0.003, r=0.71). Also, there was a direct and significant association between spiritual health in the religious section (p=0.01, r=0.51) and spiritual well-being in the existential (p=0.001, r=0.68) with general health. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it could be concluded that most cancer patients have high spiritual health, this makes the patient more adaptable to their illness.

Purpose: Spiritual Health Services is care of individuals, focusing on personal beliefs, core values, significant relationships, meanings, and behaviors around which we understand our lived experience. Despite the irrefutable effect of spiritual health on overall human health, the purpose of this study was to develop and validate a framework for providing spiritual health services in Medical universities of Iran. Methods:This study is a qualitative study with Grounded Theory approach which was conducted in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. To select participants, purposive sampling method was used at the starting, and during the interviews theoretical sampling was also used to identify people who could provide researchers with rich and useful information. 14 interviewers were selected and data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed by content analysis method.Results: Spiritual health service provision framework for medical university students developed in 11 themes including: service package, service package developer, service providing responsibility, service providers, skills required for provision services, service delivery location, service delivery method, needed resources and infrastructure, the authority to provide required resources, the reimbursement method for service providers, and services evaluation method. These 11 themes include 53 subthemes. Conclusion:In developing this framework, it was attempted to take into account all aspects and dimensions of a comprehensive framework. Therefore, it can serve as a practical guide for planning and decision making for authorities.