Structural colors
that can be changed dynamically, using either
plasmonic nanostructures or photonic crystals, are rapidly emerging
research areas for stretchable sensors. Despite the wide applications
of various techniques to achieve strain-responsive structural colors,
important factors in the feasibility of strain sensorssuch
as their sensing mechanism, stability, and reproducibilityhave
not yet been explored. Here, we introduce a stretchable, diffractive,
color-based wireless strain sensor that can measure strain using the
entire visible spectrum, based on an array of cone-shaped nanostructures
on the surface of an elastomeric substrate. By stretching or compressing
the substrate, the diffractive color can be tuned according to the
changing grating pitch. Using the proposed method, we designed three
types of strain-sensing modes: large-deformation (maximum 100%) tensile
strain, biaxial 2D strain, and shear strain (maximum 78%). The strain
sensors were fabricated, and applicability to strain-sensing was evaluated.
Abstract. In this study, we report lipid biomarker patterns and phylogenetic identities
of key microbial communities mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM)
in active mud volcanoes (MVs) on the continental slope of the Canadian
Beaufort Sea. The carbon isotopic compositions (δ13C) of
sn-2- and sn-3-hydroxyarchaeol showed the highly
13C-depleted values (−114 ‰ to −82 ‰)
associated with a steep depletion in sulfate concentrations within 0.7 m of
sediment depths. This suggested the presence of methanotrophic archaea
involved in sulfate-dependent AOM, albeit in a small amount. The ratio of
sn-2-hydroxyarchaeol to archaeol (> 1) and operational
taxonomic units (OTUs) indicated that the anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) clades ANME-2c and ANME-3
were involved in AOM. Higher δ13C values of archaeol
and biphytanes (BPs; -55.2±10.0 ‰ and -39.3±13.0 ‰, respectively) suggested that archaeal communities were also
assimilating AOM-derived inorganic carbon. Furthermore, the distinct
distribution patterns of methanotrophs in the three MVs appears to be
associated with varying intensities of ascending gas fluids. Consequently,
our results suggest that the niche diversification of active mud volcanoes
has shaped distinct archaeal communities that play important roles in AOM in
the Beaufort Sea.
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