Electronic devices and their highly integrated components formed from semiconductor crystals contain complex three-dimensional (3D) arrangements of elements and wiring. Photonic crystals, being analogous to semiconductor crystals, are expected to require a 3D structure to form successful optoelectronic devices. Here, we report a novel fabrication technology for a semiconductor 3D photonic crystal by uniting integrated circuit processing technology with micromanipulation. Four- to twenty-layered (five periods) crystals, including one with a controlled defect, for infrared wavelengths of 3-4.5 microm, were integrated at predetermined positions on a chip (structural error <50 nm). Numerical calculations revealed that a transmission peak observed at the upper frequency edge of the bandgap originated from the excitation of a resonant guided mode in the defective layers. Despite their importance, detailed discussions on the defective modes of 3D photonic crystals for such short wavelengths have not been reported before. This technology offers great potential for the production of optical wavelength photonic crystal devices.
Nanoscale GaN quantum dots were fabricated on AlxGa1−xN layer surfaces via metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. In order to achieve a self-assembling dot structure, a two-dimensional growth mode (step flow) of GaN films on AlxGa1−xN (x=0–0.2) surfaces that is energetically commenced under the conventional growth conditions was intentionally modified into a three-dimensional mode by using a ‘‘surfactant.’’ The surfactant is believed to inhibit the GaN film from wetting the AlGaN surface due to the change in surface free energy. The resulting morphological structures of GaN dots were found to be sensitive to the doping rate of tetraethyl silane used as a surfactant, the Al content (x) of the AlxGa1−xN layer, and the growth temperature. A very intense photoluminescence emission was observed from the GaN dots embedded in the AlGaN layers.
The major etiology of liver cirrhosis in Japan remains HCV. Our survey revealed the prevalence of NASH-related LC in Japan and the frequency of HCC. Future changes in etiology must be considered in establishing preventive or educational strategies, as well as in developing new treatment strategies.
Experimental studies of the conductance of open quantum dots show a series of highly regular oscillations at low temperatures as the voltage applied to their defining gates is varied. Simulations of quantum transport through these dots reveal the oscillations to be correlated to the recurrence of specific groups of wave function scars. We furthermore find that nominally identical dots, differing only in the orientation of their input and output contacts, may be used to excite different families of scars, giving rise in turn to measurable transport results. [S0031-9007(99)09319-9] PACS numbers: 73.23. Ad, 85.30.Vw Semiconductor quantum dots, consisting of a submicron sized cavity and quantum point contact leads, are ideally suited for studying the influence of environmental coupling on the discrete level spectrum of quantum systems. Of particular interest here is the nature of electron transport in open dots, whose leads are configured to support a small number of propagating modes. While it is often argued that the level spectrum is continuous in such dots, recent studies have instead emphasized the role that the leads play in selectively exciting discrete dot states during transport [1][2][3][4][5]. In this Letter, we consider the sensitivity of this selection process to the nature of the coupling that is provided between the dot and its external environment. Splitgate dots with different lead orientations are fabricated and their transport properties are measured at low temperatures. When the voltage applied to their defining gates is varied, a series of regular oscillations is observed in the conductance, providing a unique signature of the couplinginduced modifications that arise in the level spectra of the dots. The details of the oscillations are found to be related to the recurrence with gate voltage of strongly scarred wave function states, whose features are sensitive to the lead configuration in the dots. We discuss these results in terms of the influence of the lead openings on electron transport in open dots.Here we summarize the results of studies of more than ten different split-gate dots, whose fabrication has been described elsewhere [6]. We focus, in particular, on the behavior exhibited by two dots with different lead configurations (see Fig. 1). The transport properties of these GaAs͞AlGaAs dots were measured in a dilution refrigerator, at a fridge temperature of 10 mK and using small constant currents with lockin detection [6]. From measurements at this temperature, the wafer mobility and carrier density were determined and were found to be 4 3 10 15 m 22 and 70 m 2 ͞V s, respectively. The effective size of the dots was estimated from the period of AharonovBohm oscillations in the edge state regime [6] and varied from 0.2 0.3 mm, depending on the value of the applied gate voltage. An upper-bound estimate of the number of electrons in the dots is therefore of the order of 100-400, for the same range of gate voltage. Another parameter inferred from magnetotransport studies was the electron ph...
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