The authors have demonstrated increased light outcoupling from organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on nanoimprinted amorphous fluoropolymer, poly[perfluoro(4-vinyloxy-l-butene)] (PPFVB). Because PPFVB has a low refractive index and a high transmittance over wide wavelength range, the first-order Bragg diffracted light shows high directionality and decreased waveguide absorption. These characteristics provide an advantage for small- or medium-sized OLEDs, which are mainly viewed from the normal direction.

Observations on the potential fluctuations detected by a small external probe when two energetic plasma jets stream through each other have been described previously. This was attributed to an ion-electron interstreaming instability. Here it is shown that the experimental values for the growth rate and the frequency range of the instability can be explained more accurately by the same theory if the local ion energy distribution is assumed to be different for ions of different energies.