Some 263 birds were recorded near and in a 230-ha patch of semideciduous forest in cane fields of central São Paulo, Brazil. Subtracting 67 open-area species, 22 of marshes or creeks, 10 vagrants and 12 recorded later, 152 forest and border species were recorded in 1982-86, much like what was observed in a similar woodlot near Campinas. Both woodlots lost species gradually over the years. Some birds avoided hard cane-field edges, preferring soft bushy edges. Of open-area species, 22 seemed to have disappeared by 1997 due to earlier high El Niño rains or rare permanently open habitats in the sugar cane; 17 new species were mostly nocturnal ones not noted earlier, or occasional visitors. Forest and borders lost 31 species, gaining five of dry regions and one winter visitor. Several migrants from the south appeared only in wet years before recent greenhouse effects, some resident birds were hunted, and canopy hummingbirds were perhaps still present. Dry-forest travel-prone or "metapopulational" species moved their centers of distribution, partly concealing loss of moist-forest diversity.Key words: birds, conservation, greenhouse effect, metapopulations, semideciduous forest, sugar cane. RESUMO Aves de uma mata na região central de São Paulo: 1. Censos 1982-2000Foram listadas 263 aves próximo e dentro de uma mata semidecídua de 230 ha em meio a plantações de cana-de-açúcar, na região central do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Subtraindo-se 67 espécies de áreas abertas, 22 de riachos, 10 vagantes e 12 observadas mais tarde, cerca de 152 espécies de mata e de borda foram observadas entre 1982-86, semelhantemente às observadas em uma mata próxima a Campinas. Ambas as matas perderam espécies gradualmente. Algumas aves evitaram as margens "duras" dos canaviais, preferindo as margens "macias" arbustivas. Das espécies de área aberta, parece que 22 desapareceram até 1997, em razão das abundantes chuvas anteriores causadas por El Niño, ou pela raridade de habitats permanentemente abertos nos canaviais; 17 espécies "novas" eram principalmente noturnas que não haviam sido checadas anteriormente, ou visitantes ocasionais. A mata e as bordas perderam 37 espécies, ganhando 5 de regiões secas e 1 visitante de inverno. Vários migrantes do sul apareceram somente em anos chuvosos antes do recente efeito estufa; algumas aves residentes foram caçadas, e os beija-flores das copas talvez estivessem presentes ainda. As espécies de zonas secas, prones à movimentação ou "metapopulacionais", movem os centros de distribuição, camuflando parcialmente a perda de diversidade da mata úmida.Palavras-chave: aves, conservação, efeito estufa, metapopulações, mata semidecídua, cana-de-açúcar.
The Chestnut-backed Antbird (Myrmeciza have brighter colors, and hence were formerly exsul) is a dark-brown bird whose most strik-considered separate species. They did not ing characteristic is a patch of whitish-blue seem to differ from birds of the Canal Zone in skin around each eye (fig. 1). The bare areas voice and behavior. contrast in the male with blackish head and underparts (pictured in Austin 1961:200) and HABITAT in the female with dark blackish-brown on the head. The normally concealed bends of the Skutch (1969) found Chestnut-backed Antwing are white. (One captured bird also had birds mainly in wooded dells rather than on one outer primary white. A specimen in the drier ridges at their upper altitudinal limit American Museum from Sucubti, Darien, Pan-(about 1000 m elevation) in Costa Rica, and ama, has many white feathers on the crown, there is a tendency for them to avoid the face, and back.) For three live birds, weights heights of ridges, even on Barro Colorado. were 26.1-30.0 g (mean, 27.4 g) and cloaca1 However, they are not such confirmed inhabtemperatures, 41.542.3"C (mean, 41.9"); one itants of small valleys or very wet forests bird had a bill (culmen) 21 mm long. The as are Dull-mantled Antbirds (Myrmeciza culmens of 116 adult Panamanian specimens Zaemosticta). The latter tend to take over from in several museums range from 18.8 to 24.4 mm them in very wet forests from Costa Rica to and average 21.4 mm. Ecuador, especially in ravines and on steep Chestnut-backed Antbirds live near the slopes where there are landslides. Chestnutground in lowland tropical forests from eastern backed Antbirds extend into tropical dry forest Nicaragua to the middle Magdalena Valley in in northwestern Costa Rica (Slud 1964), and Colombia, southward along the Pacific coast to into tropical rain forest at El Tigre in Colombia, Prov. de1 Oro in western Ecuador (Meyer de but center in the tropical moist and wet forests Schauensee 1966). As Slud (1960, 1964) and of Holdridge' s (1947) classification. Skutch (1969) note, they usually occur alone They usually live in fairly mature forest or or in pairs, and occasionally join wandering at its edges, but persist in tall second growth or interspecific flocks of ant-follo' wing birds. in small patches of forest on tiny Orchid Island When watched or disturbed even slightly, they near Barro Colorado, at El Recreo in Nicaragua "pound" their tails, beating them suddenly (Howell 1957)) and in pastures at Caucasia (8" 00' N, 75" 13' W) in Colombia. We have downward from as much as 30" above to some 50" below the horizontal. not found them singing in the extensive areas We studied Chestnut-backed Antbirds, of low second growth favored by White-bellied mainly on Ban-o Colorado Island, Panama Antbirds (Myrmeciza longipes) , but they Canal Zone, during the years 1960 to 1971. sometimes move through such areas to forest Willis observed others at various other places areas. They may move occasionally over narin the Panama Canal Zone from 1960 to 1971, row open areas like pastures and w...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.