The analytical expressions for the cross-spectral density and average intensity of Gaussian Schell-model (GSM) vortex beams propagating through oceanic turbulence are obtained by using the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle and the spatial power spectrum of the refractive index of ocean water. The evolution behavior of GSM vortex beams through oceanic turbulence is studied in detail by numerical simulation. It is shown that the evolution behavior of coherent vortices and average intensity depends on the oceanic turbulence including the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid, rate of dissipation of mean-square temperature, relative strength of temperature salinity fluctuations, and beam parameters including the spatial correlation length and topological charge of the beams, as well as the propagation distance.
Systems with embedded magnetic ions that exhibit a competition between magnetic order and disorder down to absolute zero can display unusual low temperature behaviors of the resistivity, susceptibility, and specific heat. Moreover, the dynamic response of such a system can display hyperscaling behavior in which the relaxation back to equilibrium when an amount of energy E is given to the system at temperature T only depends on the ratio E/T. Ce(Fe 0.755 Ru 0.245) 2 Ge 2 is a system that displays these behaviors. We show that these complex behaviors are rooted in a fragmentation of the magnetic lattice upon cooling caused by a distribution of local Kondo screening temperatures, and that the hyperscaling behavior can be attributed to the flipping of the total magnetic moment of magnetic clusters that spontaneously form and order upon cooling. We present our arguments based on the review of two-decades worth of neutron scattering and transport data on this system, augmented with new polarized and un-polarized neutron scattering experiments.
Nephroma subhelveticum sp. nov. is described, supported by both morphological and molecular data as a species new to science. The nrDNA ITS sequence analysis indicates that N. subhelveticum and N. flavorhizinatum are allied species of N. helveticum, and that
N. isidiosum derives from N. helveticum.
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