This study was conducted to determine the effects of Korean soybean paste (doen-jang [dwen-jahng]) (at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 5%) on the toxicity of 500 ppb of aflatoxin in the diets of 60 laying hens (Isa Brown) divided into five groups and treated from week 15 to week 67. The aflatoxin-treated hens exhibited many deleterious effects, including reduced body weight; increased relative organ weights; decreased egg production; aflatoxin accumulation in eggs; decreased serum calcium, phosphorus, and alanino amonotransferase (ALT) levels; increased serum gammaglutamil transferase and lactic dehydrogenase levels; and, most significantly, severely altered cell foci and sinusoid dilatation in the liver, relative to control hens. The feeding of 1% soybean paste to hens reduced the adverse effects of aflatoxin on body weight, relative organ weights, egg production, and aflatoxin accumulation in eggs and improved serum calcium and ALT levels and the histopathological lesions of the liver. The feeding of 5% soybean paste to hens resulted in higher levels of the same types of improvements, especially with regard to the histopathological findings for the liver. On the basis of these results, it was suggested that a diet including 5% (and in some cases only 1%) Korean soybean paste protected laying hens and their eggs from the major deleterious effects of 500 microg of aflatoxin per kg of diet and from aflatoxin accumulation. These results indicate that dietary supplementation with Korean soybean paste reduces aflatoxin toxicity in laying hens that ultimately produce human foods such as eggs and poultry.
A bacterial reverse-mutation assay with Salmonella Typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA100, and TA102 and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay with Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells were used to investigate the genotoxicity of the methanol extract of Korean soybean paste (doen-jang [dwen-jahng]) and its antigenotoxic activity against aflatoxin B1. The methanol extract revealed nonmutagenic potential for all of the bacterial strains tested. The extract significantly reduced the numbers of revertants per plate when it was added to the assay system with Salmonella Typhimurium TA100 (P < 0.05). The extract also exhibited significant inhibitory effects on chromosome aberration in CHL cells (P < 0.05). The findings of this work indicate that the methanol extract of Korean soybean paste could have strong potential as an antigenotoxic material.
A rice cultivar (Japonica type), Cheong-cheong, was planted in a rice paddy in Southern Korea to examine the effects of Aspergillus parasiticus infection on the development of the grains. The grain was inoculated with the fungal inoculum at the milk stage of development. Ripening rates, 100-grain weights and aflatoxin B1 accumulation were observed at harvest. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemical staining were performed to detect and confirm aflatoxin B1 in the samples. When the rice grains were inoculated with A. parasiticus the ripening rates (number of fully matured grains per total number of grains in a panicle) were not significantly different from the control samples. Examination of 100-grain weights showed no significant difference between the groups. The edible portion of inoculated grain exhibited significantly higher levels of toxins than did the rice hulls, and the embryo contained a higher proportion of toxins than the endosperm (P < 0.05). The immunohistochemical staining revealed positive findings for the embryo of inoculated grains, but not for the control embryo.
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