Minimization of noble metal contents along with enhancement in electrochemical properties with high durability is a major challenge to be overcome for commercializing water electrolyzers and cheap energy storage devices. Sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) within the electrolytic cell and high energy demand to form OO bonds have attracted more responsiveness to this area. We report the OER beneficial mixed oxide composite of molybdenum and iridium oxides by a facile hydrothermal method. Adhered IrO 2 nanoparticles on MoO 3 large particles synergistically possessed a robust nature toward harsh acidic water electrolysis as compared to an alkaline environment. Mass specific OER activity of iridium active centers was greatly enhanced by 7-fold, twice the current density, and was attributed to electronic modulation of noble metal. Enhanced surface area and the existence of highly oxidative species in the O(1s) spectrum of IrO 2 and two doublet regions in the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of molybdenum metal were found, accountable for the robust performance. Prepared composite possessing only 30% molar fraction of noble metal presented an excellent long-term stability for 40 000 s. Reduction in the Tafel slope from 57 to 77 mV dec −1 for IM-30 and IrO 2 respectively was observed. The conducted research will open up new avenues for more applications of molybdenum oxides and their derivatives for water splitting.
The rapid and efficient clearance of apoptotic cells results in the elimination of auto-antigens and provides a strong anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive signal to prevent autoimmunity. While professional and non-professional phagocytes utilize a wide array of surface receptors to recognize apoptotic cells, the recognition of phosphatidylserine (PS) on apoptotic cells by PS receptors on phagocytes is the emblematic signal for efferocytosis in metazoans. PS-dependent efferocytosis is associated with the production of anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10 and TGF-β that function, in part, to maintain tolerance to auto-antigens. In contrast, when apoptotic cells fail to be recognized and processed for degradation, auto-antigens persist, such as self-nucleic acids, which can trigger immune activation leading to autoantibody production and autoimmunity. Despite the fact that genetic mouse models clearly demonstrate that loss of PS receptors can lead to age-dependent auto-immune diseases reminiscent of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the link between PS and defective clearance in chronic inflammation and human autoimmunity is not well delineated. In this perspective, we review emerging questions developing in the field that may be of relevance to SLE and human autoimmunity.
Synthesizing oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts with high activity by codoping has been proven to be feasible for effectively using noble metals via renewing their basic properties. Here, we prepare two series of Ru based codoped catalysts Ni x Co y Ru 1−x−y O 2 with outstanding OER activity compared with RuO 2 , one of the state-of-the-art OER catalysts. The molar ratio of case dopants, nickel and cobalt, is regulated from 1:1 to 1:1.5 for the host structure RuO 2 as the main variable. The synthesized codoped RuO 2 with Co/Ni of 1.5 reflected a Tafel slope of only 32 mV dec −1 , which is appreciably lower than the 64 mV dec −1 for pure RuO 2 . The performed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that the key factor of OER activity for codoped catalysts with different dopant ratio is the oxygen vacancy.
ObjectiveTo investigate current status of diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer in China.MethodsA database was generated by Chinese Bladder Cancer Consortium (CBCC). From January 2007 to December 2012, 14,260 cases from 44 CBCC centers were included. Data of diagnosis, treatment and pathology were collected.ResultsThe average age was 63.5 year-old and most patients were male (84.3%). The most common histologic types were urothelial carcinoma (91.4%), adenocarcinoma (1.8%), and squamous carcinoma (1.9%). According to 1973 and 2004 WHO grading system, 42.0%, 41.0%, and 17.0% of patients were grade 1, 2, and 3, and 16.0%, 48.7%, and 35.3% of patients were papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential, low, and high grade, respectively. Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) were 25.2% and 74.1%, respectively (0.8% not clear). Carcinoma in situ was only 2.4%. Most patients were diagnosed by white-light cystoscopy with biopsy (74.3%). Fluorescence and narrow band imaging cystoscopy had additional detection rate of 1.0% and 4.0%, respectively. Diagnostic transurethral resection (TUR) provided detection rate of 16.9%. Most NMIBCs were treated with TUR (89.2%). After initial TUR, 2.6% accepted second TUR, and 45.7%, 69.9%, and 58.7% accepted immediate, induced, and maintenance chemotherapy instillation, respectively. Most MIBCs were treated with radical cystectomy (RC, 59.7%). Laparoscopic RCs were 35.1%, while open RC 63.4%. Extended and standard pelvic lymph node dissection were 7% and 66%, respectively. Three most common urinary diversions were orthotopic neobladder (44%), ileal conduit (31%), and ureterocutaneostomy (23%). Only 2.3% of patients accepted neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and only 18% of T3 and T4 patients accepted adjuvant chemotherapy.ConclusionDisease characteristics are similar to international reports, while differences of diagnosis and treatment exist. This study can provide evidences for revisions of the guideline on bladder cancer in China.
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