Cross-lingual summarization (CLS) is the task to produce a summary in one particular language for a source document in a different language. Existing methods simply divide this task into two steps: summarization and translation, leading to the problem of error propagation. To handle that, we present an end-to-end CLS framework, which we refer to as Neural Cross-Lingual Summarization (NCLS), for the first time. Moreover, we propose to further improve NCLS by incorporating two related tasks, monolingual summarization and machine translation, into the training process of CLS under multi-task learning. Due to the lack of supervised CLS data, we propose a round-trip translation strategy to acquire two high-quality large-scale CLS datasets based on existing monolingual summarization datasets. Experimental results have shown that our NCLS achieves remarkable improvement over traditional pipeline methods on both English-to-Chinese and Chinese-to-English CLS human-corrected test sets. In addition, NCLS with multi-task learning can further significantly improve the quality of generated summaries. We make our dataset and code publicly available here:Rod gray , 94 , had been taken to hospital by ambulance after he cut his head in a fall at his home … Rod gray was taken to ipswich hospital after falling over at home .Rod gray was taken to Ipswich Hospital after falling down at home. MS RTT English Article (Input for MS or CLS)English Reference (Output for MS) Chinese ReferenceRod gray was taken to ipswich hospital after falling over at home .Rod-Grau wurde nach dem Sturz zu Hause ins ipswich-Krankenhaus gebracht.

The detailed kinetics of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over an industrial Fe-Mn catalyst was studied in a continuous integral fixed-bed reactor under the conditions relevant to industrial operations [temperature, 540-600 K; pressure, 1.0-3.0 MPa; H 2 /CO feed ratio, 1.0-3.0; space velocity, (1.6-4.2) × 10 -3 Nm 3 kg of catalyst -1 s -1 ]. Reaction rate equations were derived on the basis of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson type models for the Fischer-Tropsch reactions and the water-gas-shift reaction. Kinetic model candidates were evaluated by the global optimization of kinetic parameters, which were realized by first minimization of multiresponse objective functions with a genetic algorithm approach and second optimization with the conventional Levenberg-Marquardt method. It was found that an alkylidene mechanism based model could produce a good fit of the experimental data. This model shows that the desorption of the products and the insertion of methylene into the metal-alkylidene bond are the ratedetermining steps. The activation energy for olefins formation is 97.37 kJ mol -1 and smaller than that for the paraffin formation (111.48 kJ mol -1 ). In this model, the readsorption and secondary reactions of olefins are taken into account, and deviations of hydrocarbon distribution from the conventional ASF distribution can therefore be quantitatively described. However, the deeper information for the olefin-to-paraffin ratio has not intrinsically been described in the present stage, leaving for the further improvements in models to consider the transportationenhanced readsorption and secondary reaction of olefins more practically in the reactor modeling stage.

The present work focuses on the transfer and reaction phenomenon in a catalyst pellet for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. It is considered that the pores of catalyst pellets are filled with liquid wax under Fischer-Tropsch synthesis conditions. The reactants in the bulk gas phase dissolve in the wax at the external surface of the pellet, and the dissolved components diffuse through the wax inside the pellet and react on the internal surface of the pellet. The thermodynamic equilibrium between the gases in the bulk and the liquid wax in the pores is correlated by a modified SRK equation of sate (MSRK EOS). On the basis of the phenomena observed from experiments, a comprehensive pellet model is suggested for catalyst design simulation, in which detailed Fischer-Tropsch mechanistic kinetics is properly imbedded. The reaction and diffusion interaction in a catalyst pellet and its effect on the product selectivity are further investigated. The potential of using eggshell-type catalyst pellets is explored as a means of decoupling the severe transport restriction and, hence, enhancing the overall selectivity of desired products.