Abstract. It was originally thought that no single routine blood test result would be able to indicate whether or not a patient had cancer; however, several novel studies have indicated that the median survival and prognosis of cancer patients were markedly associated with the systemic circulation features of cancer patients. In addition, certain parameters, such as white blood cell (WBC) count, were largely altered in malignant tumors. In the present study, routine blood tests were performed in order to observe the change of blood cells in tumor-bearing mice following the implantation of 4T1 breast cancer cells into the mammary fat pad; in addition, blood flow in breast tumor sites was measured indirectly using laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI), in an attempt to explain the relevance between the blood circulation features and the growth or metastasis of breast cancer in mice model. The LDPI and blood test results indicated that the implantation of 4T1 breast cancer cells into BALB/c mice led to thrombosis as well as high WBC count, high platelet count, high plateletcrit and low blood perfusion. Following implantation of the 4T1 cells for four weeks, the lung metastatic number was determined and the Pearson correlation coefficient revealed that the number of visceral lung metastatic sites had a marked negative association with the ratio of basophils (BASO%; r=-0.512; P<0.01) and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin was significantly correlated with primary tumor weight (r=0.425; P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that tumor growth led to thrombosis and acute anemia in mice; in addition, when blood BASO% was low, an increased number of lung metastases were observed in tumor-bearing mice. IntroductionOver the past several decades, developments in clinical and surgical treatments for cancer patients has led to increased overall survival rates (1). However, the growth of primary tumors and subsequent cancer metastases continue to cause mortality and prevent effective treatment (2). Vascular dissemination is a major mechanism by which breast cancer cells migrate into the systemic circulation, leading to distant metastasis and mortality (3). Clinical observations have indicated a potential association between the bloodstream and cancer metastasis (4-5). However, few studies have investigated the systemic circulation characterization in mouse breast cancer metastasis models, which therefore limits the development of experimental oncology research.Cancer patients have frequently been reported to present with symptoms of thrombosis, which are more severe if the disease has progressed to a metastatic stage (6,7). In order for metastases to form, cancer cells must be able to survive in the harsh circulatory environment and extravasate into distant sites. Thrombosis may improve the anchoring of 'seed' (tumor cells that have escaped surgical removal or that may have already disseminated) to 'soil' (target organ) (8). Therefore,
In the early twentieth century, Otto Heinrich Warburg described an elevated rate of glycolysis occurring in cancer cells, even in the presence of atmospheric oxygen (the Warburg effect). Recently it became a therapeutically interesting strategy and is considered as an emerging hallmark of cancer. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is one of the key transcription factors that play major roles in tumor glycolysis and could directly trigger Warburg effect. Thus, how to inhibit HIF-1-depended Warburg effect to assist the cancer therapy is becoming a hot issue in cancer research. In fact, HIF-1 upregulates the glucose transporters (GLUT) and induces the expression of glycolytic enzymes, such as hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase. So small molecules of natural origin used as GLUT, hexokinase, or pyruvate kinase isoform M2 inhibitors could represent a major challenge in the field of cancer treatment. These compounds aim to suppress tumor hypoxia induced glycolysis process to suppress the cell energy metabolism or enhance the susceptibility of tumor cells to radio- and chemotherapy. In this review, we highlight the role of natural compounds in regulating tumor glycolysis, with a main focus on the glycolysis under hypoxic tumor microenvironment.
Absorbable sutures have moved to the forefront in surgical fields with a huge market. Antibacterial activity is one indispensable feature of the next generation of absorbable sutures. This study develops...
An immune system is of vital importance for maintaining the host health. Taking advantage of innate merits of immune cells, cell‐based immunotherapy has demonstrated great potentials for treating many severe diseases, especially for cancers and inflammatory diseases. However, the success of this promising therapy modality suffers from complex and immunosuppressive conditions generated along with disease development. The combination among cellular biology, nanotechnology, and material science offers vast opportunities to improve therapeutic efficacy and expand function. This review introduces recent advance in exploiting nanotechnology and materials to initiate and reinforce therapeutic functions of live immune cells, including monocyte, macrophage, dendritic cell, and T lymphocytes. The major strategies in artificially engineered cell immunotherapy are briefly summarized, and the possible developing trend in this field is discussed.
We present an optically powered, intrinsically safe gas monitoring system to measure four essential environmental gases (CH4, CO2, CO and O2), together with ambient temperature and pressure, for underground mines. The system is based on three key technologies developed at UNSW: (1) power-over-fibre (PoF) at 1550 nm using a single industry-standard, low-cost single-mode fibre (SMF) for both power delivery and information transmission, (2) liquid–crystal-based optical transducers for optical telemetry, and (3) ultra-low power consumption design of all electronics. Together, this approach allows each gas monitoring station to operate with less than 150 mW of optical power, meeting the intrinsic safety requirements specified by the IEC60079-28 standard. A 2-month field trial at BMA’s Broadmeadow underground mine proved the cabling compatibility to the mine’s existing optical network and the stability of the system performance. Compared with conventional electrically powered gas sensors, this technology bypasses the usual roadblocks of underground gas monitoring where electrical power is either unsafe or unavailable. Furthermore, using one fibre for both power delivery and communication enables longer distance coverage, reduces optical cabling and increases multiplexing possibilities and data throughput for better awareness of underground environment.
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