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Automated detection of exudates from fundus images plays an important role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening and evaluation, for which supervised or semi-supervised learning methods are typically preferred. However, a potential limitation of supervised and semi-supervised learning based detection algorithms is that they depend substantially on the sample size of training data and the quality of annotations, which is the fundamental motivation of this work. In this study, we construct a dataset containing 1219 fundus images (from DR patients and healthy controls) with annotations of exudate lesions. In addition to exudate annotations, we also provide four additional labels for each image: left-versus-right eye label, DR grade (severity scale) from three different grading protocols, the bounding box of the optic disc (OD), and fovea location. This dataset provides a great opportunity to analyze the accuracy and reliability of different exudate detection, OD detection, fovea localization, and DR classification algorithms. Moreover, it will facilitate the development of such algorithms in the realm of supervised and semi-supervised learning.

CD8 + T cells play a crucial role in anti-tumour immunity, but they often undergo exhaustion, which affects the anti-tumour activity of CD8 + T cells. The effect and mechanism of exhausted CD8 + T cells have become the focus of anti-tumour immunity research. Recently, a large number of studies have confirmed that longterm antigen exposure can induce exhaustion. Cytokines previously have identified their effects (such as IL-2 and IL-10) may play a dual role in the exhaustion process of CD8 + T cells, suggesting a new mechanism of inducing exhaustion. This review just focuses our current understanding of the biology of exhausted CD8 + T cells, including differentiation pathways, cellular characteristics and signalling pathways involved in inducing exhaustion, and summarizes how these can be applied to tumour immunotherapy.

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