monomers to induce two-photon-triggered polymerization. Furthermore, the MOF crystal can also be dissolved by acid or base treatment to release the polymerized structure. The two-photon polymerization inside MOF crystals is thus suitable for creating both microstructure-in-MOF hybrid and isolated intricate polymeric structures for micro/nanofabrication. The nanostructures created in the crystal have the potential for MOF sensing device fabrication and data storage applications. [30] To our knowledge, two-photon polymerization inside MOF crystals for 3D printing has not been demonstrated before.Here, we performed two-photon polymerization in the single crystal of a Zn-based MOF. The MOF crystal to be used must meet the following requirements: first, the size of single crystal needs to be at least sub-millimeter; second, the transparency of the crystal allows light penetration; third, the single crystal possesses 3D-connected channels with large pore sizes for absorbing monomers and initiators. We tested the printing of different structures like multi-layer bar codes, interpenetrated rings, stepped pyramids, as well as releasing the printed structure by dissolving the MOF in acid solution.The chosen porous MOF is assembled from Zn 2+ ion, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, and 4,4′-biphenyldicarboxylic acid (BPDC), which is named DMOF (DMOF = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane MOF). [31][32][33][34] The DMOF contains Zn 2 (carboxylate) 4 paddlewheel secondary building units connected by the BPDC and triethylenediamine linkers and possesses 3D-connected channels with large pore sizes of ≈15.2◊15.2 and 15.2◊9.6 Å for the entrance of the monomers and two-photon initiators. Single crystal of the DMOF was prepared by reacting a N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution of Zn(NO 3 ) 2 with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and H 2 BPDC. We finetuned the crystal growth conditions to obtain high-quality large crystals of sub-millimeter in size. The transparency of the crystal allows light penetration for two-photon polymerization inside the MOF.7-Diethylamino-3-thenoylcoumarin (DETC) was chosen as the initiator for two-photon polymerization using polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) as the monomer. The twophoton absorption cross-section of the DETC molecule at 800 nm was measured to be 40 GM by a z-scan measurement (Figure S3, Supporting Information), demonstrating the twophoton absorption ability.The sizes of the DETC and the PEGDA molecules are small enough to enter the MOF channels as shown in Figure 1c and Figure S2 (Supporting Information). Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is a micro/nano-fabrication technology for additive manufacturing, enabling 3D printing of polymeric materials using ultrafast laser pulses. In this work, two-photon polymerization is realized inside a metal-organic framework (MOF) crystal. Intricate structures are built in the porous crystal to create a microstructure-in-crystal hybrid. Furthermore, the MOF can be removed by acid treatment to release the printed structure. The two-photon polymerization inside the c...

Figure 4. Real-time monitoring of electrochemical and electrophysiological signals from cardiomyocytes. a) Illustration of the possible signaling pathway of NO-induced cell beat under NE stimulation. b), c) Current responses detected from cardiomyocytes on the PEDOT-based nanomesh electrode under different conditions. d) The typical electrophysiological signals recorded on i) self-supporting PEDOT-based nanomesh, ii) PEDOTbased nanomesh attached on PDMS film. The typical electrophysiological signals recorded using the self-supporting PEDOT-based nanomesh after iii) NE stimulation and iv) with L-NMMA incubation, respectively. e) Corresponding statistical bar diagram of beating frequency and amplitude (n = 10) (means � SD; one-way ANOVA, *** p � 0.001, ** p � 0.01 and * p � 0.05).

No abstract

ObjectivesVarious types of cells comprising a complex and diverse cell population are required for the biological activities of odontogenic keratocyst (OKC). Immune and non‐immune cells collaborate via cytokine‐ or chemokine‐mediated communication and direct cell–cell interactions. This study aimed to characterize the immune ecosystem and understand the potential chemotactic role of OKC fibroblasts in immune cell migration.Materials and MethodsMass cytometry of 41 markers was employed for the classification of OKC cells from six OKC samples. Immunofluorescence staining and single‐cell RNA sequencing (GSE176351) were used for the detection of fibroblast subpopulations. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence staining were employed for chemokine detection in hypoxia‐ and/or HIF‐1α inhibitor‐treated OKC fibroblasts and tissues. Chemotaxis assay was employed to determine the chemotactic effect of fibroblasts via co‐culture with peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A cell communication network was constructed based on the single‐cell RNA sequencing data.ResultsThe characterization of the immune cell types of OKC evidenced the enrichment of macrophages, neutrophils and B cells. The majority (41.5%) of fibroblast subsets consisted of chemokine ligand‐enriched myofibroblasts. The activation of the HIF‐1α signaling pathway in fibroblasts was associated with chemokine release. The chemokines released by OKC fibroblasts remarkably promoted the migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the co‐culture system. Close interactions between myofibroblasts and immune cells were validated by cell–cell interaction analysis. Increased RANKL expression was detected in OKC fibroblasts in the co‐culture system with peripheral blood mononuclear cells.ConclusionsOur results provided deep insights into the immune ecosystem and highlighted the potential chemotactic effects of chemokine‐enriched myofibroblasts within OKCs. The close interaction between immune cells and fibroblasts demonstrated in this study may be responsible for the osteoclastogenic effects of OKC fibroblasts.