In this work, a comprehensive three-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the coal-fired chemical looping combustion (CLC) process using ilmenite as oxygen carrier in a pressurized circulating fluidized bed (CFB) fuel reactor. Both gas−solid flow and chemical reactions were considered. The chemical reactions contain steam gasification of coal and subsequent reduction reactions of intermediate gasification products with the oxygen carrier. This model predicted the main features of the complex gas−solid flow behaviors from the velocity and voidage profiles. The concentrations of gas−solid components, the conversions of char and oxygen carrier, and the distributions of reaction rates were also obtained. Meanwhile, further simulations were performed to evaluate the effects of operating variables on the fuel conversion in the fuel reactor. The conversion of carbon in char is directly related to the extent of gasification, which is promoted by increasing the temperature or the fraction of steam in gasification agent. This work indicates a promising way to research the CLC process of solid fuels in a CFB fuel reactor.
The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory ( LHAASO ) ( Fig. 1 ) is located at Mt. Haizi (4410 m a.s.l., 600 g/cm2, 29◦ 21’ 27.56” N, 100◦ 08’ 19.66” E) in Daocheng, Sichuan province, P.R. China. LHAASO consists of 1.3 km2 array ( KM2A ) of electromagnetic particle detectors ( ED ) and muon detectors ( MD ), a water Cherenkov detector array ( WCDA ) with a total active area of 78,000 m2, 18 wide field-of-view air Cherenkov telescopes (WFCTA ) and a newly proposed electron-neutron detector array ( ENDA ) covering 10,000 m2. Each detector is synchronized with all the other through a clock synchronization network based on the White Rabbit protocol. The observatory includes an IT center which comprises the data acquisition system and trigger system, the data analysis facility. In the following of this Chapter, all the above mentioned components of LHAASO will be briefly described, together with infrastructure which is a fundamental component of the LHAASO observatory.
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