Stewart-Treves syndrome (STS) is defined as the development of cutaneous angiosarcoma in the presence of long-standing lymphedema and is a rare disease with only about 400 cases reported in world literature. We report a case of a 63-year-old morbidly obese woman with a long-standing history of lymphedema who developed angiosarcoma of the right lower extremity with metastasis and presented with acute respiratory distress. The patient underwent a thorough laboratory workup with a chest X-ray showing bilateral effusions. The hematology-oncology service was consulted and found the patient to have significant progression of angiosarcoma causing respiratory failure and cardiac instability. A decision to transition to hospice care was made and the patient eventually passed away in the intensive care unit. We present this case to raise awareness of STS in medical literature to understand its clinical manifestations better. Early detection is imperative as angiosarcoma is commonly an aggressive disease.
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods continue to be dominant in improving world’s oil reserves as producing fields mature. Global growth of 18% was recorded in proved reserves between 2007 and 2017 (BP Statistical Review, 2018), with North America, which has invested in several EOR techniques, contributing about 14% to this growth. This proves that EOR stands as a long-term solution to the menace of dwindling reserves. Recently, nanotechnology has been gaining attention for application in the petroleum industry. It has been established that nanoparticles dispersed in base fluids such as water, brine or certain organic solvents (nanofluid) exhibit some special properties proved to be advantageous for EOR purposes. Additional recovery of about 30% has been recorded. However, permeability damage, which has been widely reported, is yet to be critically studied and analysed. The objective of this research was to investigate how two important properties; concentration and injection rate of the nanofluid, affect oil recovery, and as well establish the thresholds of conditions which lead to permeability impairment and injection fluid loss during nanoflooding with silica nanoparticles. The permeability impairment layer which is gradually formed at the rock pore surface is termed nanoskin (a concept introduced by the author). Four core samples were flooded with brine followed by silica nanofluid of four different concentrations viz; 0.01, 0.5, 2.0 amd 3.0% wt/wt respectively. The flooding process was accompanied with changing injection rates viz; 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 cm3/min. The result indicated that concentration of 2.0% wt/wt and injection rate of 2.0 cm3/min were threshold levels that guaranteed optimal oil recovery from the Niger Delta core samples. The overall result demonstrates that nanoflooding is a viable EOR technique and establishes a combination of parameters that will minimize nanoskin formation during nano-EOR process.
Nigerian stranded gas reserves is a vast natural gas resource opportunity (with estimates exceeding 84 trillion cubic feet or 44% of current proved reserves of 190.4 Tcf) is already being monetized especially as the global environment continues to favour low carbon footprint energy sources. Natural gas utilization projects such as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Independent Power Projects (IPP), Gas-to-Liquid (GTL), from associated gas (AG) have taken off, however, Nigeria still struggles with low pace of stranded gas development as a result of huge capital expenditure outlays, uncertain fiscal terms as well as inadequate infrastructure, hence, stranded gas remains minimally tapped. Not only that, they exist in pockets of fields unevenly dispersed across Nigerian fields. About 70% of the onshore stranded gas are found in fields with less than 500 billion cubic feet (bcf) reserves, severely limiting gathering system optimization opportunities. In this work, GTL option is investigated as a viable utilization option. A modular medium scale GTL plant with a capacity to produce 25,000 barrels per day of premium products, is considered. GTL economics is analyzed with and without Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) extraction. The various internal and external risks associated with its development, are also explored. Without NGL extraction accruing to the GTL owner, the project becomes unattractive and never pays out within the projected timeframe of operation. With NGL extraction, project payout is 10 years, NPV@10% is $1,132.6 million and IRR is 15.4%. From the risk assessment, the capital expenditure (CAPEX) and product prices (NGL price being the most important) are major factors affecting project economic risks. Because of the huge impact of NGL extraction on GTL economics, consideration will have to be given to alternative incentives to improve profitability where this extraction opportunity is low or non-existent by fiscal authorities.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.