Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common human genetic disease characterized by the formation of multiple fluid-filled cysts in bilateral kidneys. Although mutations in polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) are predominantly responsible for ADPKD, the focal and sporadic property of individual cystogenesis suggests another molecular mechanism such as epigenetic alterations. To determine the epigenomic alterations in ADPKD and their functional relevance, ADPKD and non-ADPKD individuals were analyzed by unbiased methylation profiling genome-wide and compared with their expression data. Intriguingly, PKD1 and other genes related to ion transport and cell adhesion were hypermethylated in gene-body regions, and their expressions were downregulated in ADPKD, implicating epigenetic silencing as the key mechanism underlying cystogenesis. Especially, in patients with ADPKD, PKD1 was hypermethylated in gene-body region and it was associated with recruitment of methyl-CpG-binding domain 2 proteins. Moreover, treatment with DNA methylation inhibitors retarded cyst formation of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells, accompanied with the upregulation of Pkd1 expression. These results are consistent with previous studies that knock-down of PKD1 was sufficient for cystogenesis. Therefore, our results reveal a critical role for hypermethylation of PKD1 and cystogenesis-related regulatory genes in cyst development, suggesting epigenetic therapy as a potential treatment for ADPKD.
METHODS. Thirty-three Korean FEVR patients, who previously screened negative for TSPAN12 mutations, mutations in other FEVR-associated genes such as NDP, FZD4, LRP5, and large deletions and duplications of NDP, FZD4, and LRP5, were selected for TSPAN12 large deletion and duplication analyses. Semiquantitative multiplex PCR for TSPAN12 gene dosage analyses were performed, followed by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) for validation. RESULTS.Among the 33 patients, three patients were confirmed to carry large TSPAN12 deletions. Two of them had whole-gene deletions of TSPAN12, and the other patient possessed a deletion of TSPAN12 in exon 4. FEVR severity detected in these patients was not more severe than in a patient with TSPAN12 point mutation.CONCLUSIONS. Regarding previously reported proportions of FEVR-associated genes contributing to the disorder's autosomal dominant inheritance pattern in Korea, we determined that patients with TSPAN12 large deletions were more common than patients with single nucleotide variants in TSPAN12. Evaluating TSPAN12 large deletions and duplications should be considered in FEVR screening and diagnosis as well as in routine genetic workups for FEVR patients.Keywords: familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, TSPAN12, large deletions, droplet digital PCR F amilial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a rare, genetically heterogeneous disorder that impairs vision and causes retinal detachment. Autosomal dominant inheritance is the most common form of FEVR and is known to be associated with the FZD4, LRP5, and TSPAN12 genes. Recently, the ZNF408 and KIF11 genes were also implicated in FEVR. 1,2 In a previous report by our group, mutational studies regarding FZD4, LRP5, and TSPAN12 were carried out in 51 unrelated FEVR patients lacking NDP mutations. Among them, mutations with high probabilities of being pathogenic were detected in 18 patients. 3 FZD4 mutations accounted for the largest proportion of autosomal dominant FEVR cases (13/18 patients, 72.2%), followed by LRP5 (4/18 patients, 22.2%), and TSPAN12 (1/18 patients, 5.6%) mutations. In rest of the 33 patients, no FZD4, LRP5, and TSPAN12 mutations were detected.In our previous report, large deletions/duplications in NDP, FZD4, and LRP5 had been screened via multiplex ligationdependent probe amplification (MLPA) using the SALSA P285-C1 LRP5-NDP-FZD4 (MRC-Holland, Amsterdam, Netherlands).Because TSPAN12 was not included, we looked for large deletions/duplications of TSPAN12 in the patients with no mutation detected to determine the genetic cause of FEVR. Gene dosage analysis by semiquantitative multiplex PCR and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) were performed. In this study, we discovered and confirmed three cases of FEVR due to TSPAN12 large deletions. METHODS SubjectsAmong the 51 FEVR patients from our previous study, 33 patients were selected for large deletion/duplication analyses of TSPAN12. These patients were diagnosed with FEVR between
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.