After a single procedure of circumferential ablation with PVI and noninducibility, 82% patients did not have recurrence of AF. The inducibility of AF was related to the recurrence of AF. The atrial substrate affected the outcome of the inducibility.

Atrial substrate remodeling with a progressive decrease in the left atrial voltage was demonstrated in patients with recurrent AF.

Ablation of continuous CFEs after PVI and LA linear ablation had a better long-term efficacy based on the results of single-ablation procedure.

The right atrial foci played an important role in the very late recurrence of AF, whereas the left atrial foci (the majority were PVs) were the major origin of the late recurrence of AF after the catheter ablation of paroxysmal AF.

The LA voltage was lower than the RA, and the atrial voltage correlated with the TAT. Electroanatomical remodeling of the atria could be crucial to the maintenance of AF. The LA substrate properties may play an important role in the recurrence of AF after catheter ablation of AF.

Negative unipolar voltage analysis of global RA showed different RA substrate characteristics during various SVT. The substrate property of activation and cycle length-dependent voltage reduction may be related to the development of AFL and AF.

For Taiwanese patients 50 to 64 years of age, the annual stroke risk was 1.78%, which may exceed the threshold for OAC use for stroke prevention. The annual risk of ischemic stroke for AF patients <50 years of age was 0.53%, which was truly low-risk, and OACs could be omitted. Whether resetting the age threshold to 50 years could refine current clinical risk stratification for Asian AF patients deserves further study.

The location of the AT gap may be related with the complex anatomy of the LA. The induced ATs after CPVI can be eliminated by catheter ablation.