Background Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the principle cause of colibacillosis affecting poultry. The main challenge to the poultry industry is antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria that threaten the safety of the food chain. Risk factors associated with emergence of antimicrobial resistance among avian pathogenic E. coli were correlated with the inappropriate use of antimicrobials along with inadequate hygienic practices, which encourages the selection pressure of antimicrobial resistant APEC. The aim of this study was to isolate, identify, serogroup and genotype APEC from broilers, assess their antibiotic resistance profile, expressed genes and the associated risk factors. Results APEC was isolated from the visceral organs of sick chickens with a prevalence of 53.4%. The most prevalent serotypes were O1, O2, O25 and O78, in percentage of 14.8, 12.6, 4.4 and 23.7%, respectively. Virulence Associated Genes; SitA, iss, iucD, iucC, astA, tsh cvi and irp2 were detected in rate of 97.4, 93.3, 75, 74, 71, 46.5, 39 and 34%, respectively and 186 (69.2%) isolates possess > 5–10 genes. The highest resistance was found against sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, florfenicol, amoxicillin, doxycycline and spectinomycin in percentage; 95.5, 93.7, 93.3, 92.2 and 92.2%, respectively. Sixty-eight percent of APEC isolates were found to have at least 5 out of 8 antimicrobial resistant genes. The most predominant genes were Int1 97%, tetA 78.4%, bla TEM 72.9%, Sul1 72.4%, Sul2 70.2%. Two risk factors were found to be associated with the presence of multi-drug resistant APEC in broiler chickens, with a P value ≤0.05; the use of ground water as source of drinking water and farms located in proximity to other farms. Conclusions This study characterized the VAGs of avian pathogenic E. coli and establish their antimicrobial resistance patterns. The widespread of antimicrobial resistance of APEC isolates and detection of ARGs highlighted the need to monitor the spread of ARGs in poultry farms and the environment in Jordan. Use of ground water and closely located farms were significant risk factors associated with the presence of MDR APEC in broiler chickens in Jordan. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1901-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Introduction: This study describes and reports, for the first time, an outbreak of dermatophilosis that occurred concurrently with caseous lymphadenitis involving two camel herds (Camelus dromedaries) in north Jordan. Methodology: The affected animals were part of two herds comprising 52 Arabian camels in herd 1 and 65 camels in herd 2. The age of infected camels ranged from 18 months to 5 years. Pus and skin scab samples were aseptically collected and bacteriologically examined. Affected camels were treated by long-acting oxytetracycline injection in a dose rate of 10 mg/kg body weight every 48 hours for three successive treatments, and local antiseptic and antibiotic cutaneous spray treatment for five successive days. Results: The main clinical signs on affected camels were skin dermatitis and abscess formation. The isolated organisms were Dermatophilus congolensis and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis were the causative agents of dermatophilosis and caseous lymphadenitis, respectively. Other organisms were isolated from skin abscesses, including α-hemolytic streptococci, hemolytic E. coli, Actinomyces pyogenes, and S. aureus. The affected camels were rapidly and effectively cured by the above-mentioned treatment protocol. No mortality was recorded. Conclusions: Introducing purchased camels from animal auctions without pre-examination and keeping camels in over-crowded small barns under cold, humid, and rainy conditions during winter may predispose the eruption of mixed infection of dermatophilosis and caseous lymphadenitis. Treatment by long-acting oxytetracycline injection with local antiseptic and antibiotic cutaneous spray can control such infection. A survey on camel herds raised near Jordan's borders is needed to monitor the possibility of emerging infectious disease.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of medicinal Methanolic plant extracts against multidrug-resistant bacteria to determine the cytotoxicity of these extracts on eukaryotic cells, and to confirm their efficacy against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in experimental animals. The effects of the methanol extract of sixty folk plants were investigated on; MRSA, Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase E. coli and MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa by disc diffusion and MIC assay. Cytotoxicity was determined using MTT and hemolysis of human erythrocytes. Three plant extracts with the highest antimicrobial activities were tested using a challenge experiment on mice. Systemic infection was performed by intraperitoneal inoculation of (5 × 106 CFU/mL) of MRSA isolate. Then mice received 300 mg/kg body weight of the plant extracts daily for seven days. The efficacy of plant extracts was evaluated by general health, mortality rate, gross lesion, and histopathology study of inoculated mice. Only ten plants showed activities against different MDR bacteria with inhibitory zones ranging from (8 to 22 mm) in diameter. Of the ten medicinal plant extracts, and Aloysia citrodora showed the highest activities against MRSA and Camellia sinensis MSSA isolates, with MIC values ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/mL, followed by Hibiscus sabdariffa, Thymus vulgaris, and Glycyrrhiza glabra. Furthermore, the extract of the effective plants showed low toxicity against Vero and fibroblasts cell lines, along with inhibitory activities to erythrocytes membrane disruption. The in vivo study demonstrated that Camellia sinensis showed significant activity against MRSA infections in mice. The results validate that these plants are effective and safe antibacterial agents against multidrug-resistance bacteria, and have the potential to be utilized as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections.