Athletes in interceptive sports are superior to nonathletes in their visuomotor skills. They also have broader access to various visual and complex visuo-oculomotor abilities than nonathletes. This likely allows athletes to more effectively coordinate visual and oculomotor abilities under demanding conditions when some visual cues are degraded. The present findings are consistent with a pyramid of sports vision and suggest a top-down process for athlete screening and training.
Solar radiation intensity affects both subjective reactions and physiological functions, especially for people who exercise heavily. Field experiments including a questionnaire survey at various ambient temperatures were performed; outdoor activities under shading (irradiance I = 50 ± 20 W/m2) and non-shading ( I = 700 ± 50 W/m2) conditions during summer in Xi'an were recorded. The results of questionnaires indicated that when the human body reached an extremely hot state, the corresponding environmental temperature was 3.7 °C lower under the non-shading condition, and the range of actual acceptable temperatures was narrower. In terms of thermal sensation, there was a significant difference for people who exercise heavily and those who do not. The results also showed that the curve of fatigue sensation exhibited an inverse Gaussian distribution. Namely, fatigue was promoted under both colder and hotter conditions. Moreover, under non-shading condition, the lowest fatigue incidence was higher, and the corresponding ambient temperature was lower. Changes in objective physiological responses indicated that the solar radiation might cause heat stress. Therefore, when the ambient temperature was higher than 32 °C, physiological stress was higher. Under the same exercise load, the blood pressure was higher under the non-shading condition and systolic blood pressure increased with ambient temperature.
As the main venue for sports training and competition, the thermal environment of a stadium directly could affect the comfort and health of a moving body and sports performance. In this study, the quantitative relationship between ambient temperature and subjective sensation evaluation was established by monitoring the actual thermal sensation evaluation, fatigue sensation cognition and physiological response with high physical activity, under different conditions of ambient temperature. The results show that 90% of subjects can actually accept an ambient temperature range of 18.6°C–26°C. This is 2°C higher than the maximum recommended range in the ISO 7730:2005 thermal comfort standard, reflecting a strong tolerance of the moving human body to low or high temperature environments. A high temperature environment could cause exercise fatigue to occur prematurely. Moreover, the study suggests that the critical point for early occurrence of fatigue sensation in a moving human body is 28°C. The relationship between the environmental temperature and the physiological response was evaluated by mean skin temperature, blood pressure and heart rate of the human body. These are used as evaluation indexes of physiological parameters. Ambient temperature has a significant effect on the objective physiological response of the moving human body, which coincides with the subject’s definition of subjective sensory evaluation to the ambient temperature.
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