Pangolins are the most trafficked wild animal in the world according to the World Wildlife Fund. The discovery of SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins has piqued interest in the viromes of these wild, scaly-skinned mammals. We sequenced the viromes of 161 pangolins that were smuggled into China and assembled 28 vertebrate-associated viruses, 21 of which have not been previously reported in vertebrates. We named 16 members of Hunnivirus, Pestivirus and Copiparvovirus pangolin-associated viruses. We report that the l-protein has been lost from all hunniviruses identified in pangolins. Sequences of four human-associated viruses were detected in pangolin viromes, including respiratory syncytial virus, Orthopneumovirus, RotavirusA and Mammalian orthoreovirus. The genomic sequences of five mammal-associated and three tick-associated viruses were also present. Notably, a coronavirus related to HKU4-CoV, which was originally found in bats, was identified. The presence of these viruses in smuggled pangolins identifies these mammals as a potential source of emergent pathogenic viruses.
In this work, an acrylate-based organic coating is developed to cover the electrically conductive silver nanowires (AgNWs) to improve the adhesion properties of AgNWs on PMMA substrates. A simple spray coating technique is performed to obtain large scale and highly uniform conductive silver nanowire films on PMMA substrates. The AgNWs covered by organic coatings are evaluated ex situ in terms of adhesion, transparency, electrical, mechanical, and electromagnetic shielding properties. Results indicated the adhesion of AgNWs covered by coatings is greatly superior to the uncovered AgNWs, which can be attributed to the strong hydrogen interfacial bond between the coating and PMMA substrate. Furthermore, the overall properties, including good transparency (!80% in the visible range), flexibility (bending more than 1000 cycles), electromagnetic shielding (larger than 30 GHz from 1 to 18 GHz), meet the requirements of transparent parts in the aeronautical industry, and other commercial fields.
The adhesion failure of antiscratch (AS) coatings on unmodified and plasma-modified polycarbonate (PC) substrate was studied using both chemical and physical methods while considering the surface and interface changes between coatings and PC under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The differences in the wettability and surface elemental compositions of the PC surface (PCs) and AS coatings after UV ageing were evaluated by contact angle and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements. The nanoindentation technique was employed for the quantitative assessment of the changes in the nanomechanical properties of both PCs and AS coatings under UV irradiation. The adhesion of coating on plasma-modified PC was found to be significantly better than that of unmodified substrates. The hydrophilicity and polarity of PCs covered by AS coatings were significantly increased because of the photodegradation of PCs, whereas silicon coatings remained invariant. Nanoindentation tests revealed an obvious enhancement in stiffness of the coating and exposed PC after ageing. Based on these experiments, we proposed that adhesion failure under UV irradiation may be caused by two reasons: first, the photodegradation that occurred at the PCs covered by AS coatings; and second, the stress induced by the changes in stiffness of both AS and PCs under UV ageing.
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