Abstract. Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common type of primary bone malignancy. The use of multiagent, intensive chemotherapy has markedly improved the long-term survival rate of patients with OS. However, chemoresistance continues to be the principal reason for poor survival and disease recurrence in patients with OS. Innate or acquired resistance to cisplatin, which is one of the most effective drugs against OS, is common. Understanding the molecular basis underlying cisplatin chemoresistance in OS cells may serve as a basis for the identification of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers. High expression levels of podocalyxin (PCX) have been shown to be correlated with poor outcome in various types of cancer. A recent study suggested that PCX may contribute to cancer chemoresistance. The present study aimed to explore the role of PCX in OS by determining its effects on cisplatin chemoresistance in OS cells. Stable overexpression and knockdown of PCX were performed in MG-63 and U2OS human OS cell lines. Overexpression of PCX in the two cell lines significantly increased the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of cisplatin, cell colony formation, phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity and Akt phosphorylation at serine 473, and decreased cisplatin-induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the effects of PCX were largely attenuated by treatment with the selective PI3K inhibitor BKM120. Conversely, knockdown of PCX expression markedly decreased the IC 50 of cisplatin, cell colony formation, PI3K activity and Akt phosphorylation at serine 473, and increased cisplatin-induced cell apoptosis. In conclusion, the present study was the first, to the best of our knowledge, to provide evidence that PCX promotes cisplatin chemoresistance in OS cells through a PI3K-dependent mechanism. The results of the present study provided novel insight not only into the functional role of PCX in cancer, but also into the molecular mechanisms underlying OS chemoresistance.

Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, is an epidemic disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite extensive recent work on the cellular biology of osteoarthritis, the precise mechanisms involved are still poorly understood and there is no effective treatment for this disease. The role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in promoting chondrogenesis and inducing the expression of cartilage-specific extracellular matrix molecules to form cartilage is well-established. Historically, TGF-β has been considered to prevent osteoarthritis, but recent work suggests that TGF-β overexpression accelerates the progression of osteoarthritis in vivo. Clinically, it is therefore important to limit TGF-β expression while still providing effective treatment of osteoarthritis. One possible approach to achieve this effect would be to use a combination of TGF-β with other small molecular chemical compounds. Hypoxia promotes chondrogenesis and the usefulness of deferoxamine, a chelating agent that mimics hypoxia, in stimulating chondrogenesis has been investigated in clinical trials. In this study, we investigated the role of deferoxamine in TGF-β-induced chondrogenesis in pre-chondrogenic cells and examined whether deferoxamine synergizes with the TGF-β signaling pathway to promote chondrocyte differentiation.

Feingold syndrome type 2 (FGLDS2, MIM614326) is a genetic congenital malformation syndrome, caused by germline heterozygous deletion of MIR17HG on chromosome 13q31, which is extremely rare worldwide. To date, less than 25 patients have been described in the literature. Here, we report on a 3‐year‐old girl presented with hip dysplasia, polysyndactyly of the left thumb, brachymesophalangy of the fifth digit, microcephaly, intellectual disability, and growth delay. This is likely to be the first case of Feingold syndrome type 2 ever discovered among Chinese population. Through genetic testing and pedigree analysis, she was identified to have a de novo 4.8‐Mb microdeletion at chromosome 13q31.3‐q32.1, encompassing MIR17HG, GPC5, and GPC6. Additionally, we detected two common compound heterozygous variants (c.919‐2A>G and c.147C>G) in SLC26A4 encoding pendrin protein, as well as a novel heterozygous variant c.985_988del in COMP encoding cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. This case report aims to analyze the microdeletion and the three types of variant detected in the patient, and to explore the association between the genotype and phenotype in patients with Feingold syndrome type 2, which may contribute to further understanding and future diagnosis of this disorder.

Two kinds of tetra-dentate halogen bonding donors were synthesized by introducing tetrafluoroiodide benzene into tetraphenylene methane and tetraphenyl porphyrin modules. 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethyl-4,4'-bipyridine (TMBP) was synthesized as halogen bonding acceptor. A type of supramolecular network structure was constructed by self-assembly of tetraphenylmethane-centered halogen donor and TMBP in solid phase based on intermolecular I…N halogen bonds and H…N hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure shows that one tetrahedral halogen bonding donor binds four TMBP molecules through two sets of I…N halogen bonds and two sets of H…N hydrogen bonds, correspondingly, one TMBP molecule binds two tetrahedral molecules through one set of I…N halogen bonds and one set of H…N hydrogen bonds to form a monolayer network structure distributed with square structures with grid width of 2.37 nm. And further stacking is controlled by other hydrogen and halogen bonds between layers. The crystal data of tetradentate halogen bonding donor molecules of porphyrins show that donor molecules assemble themselves in plane controlled by more complex weak intermolecular C-I…π and H…F interaction, and further stacking is controlled by π-π stacking between layers.