The advent of technologically-based approaches to disaster response training through Virtual Reality (VR) environments appears promising in its ability to bridge the gaps of other commonly established training formats. Specifically, the immersive and participatory nature of VR training offers a unique realistic quality that is not generally present in classroom-based or web-based training, yet retains considerable cost advantages over large-scale real-life exercises and other modalities and is gaining increasing acceptance. Currently, numerous government departments and agencies including the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as well as academic institutions are exploring the unique advantages of VR-based training for disaster preparedness and response. Growing implementation of VR-based training for disaster preparedness and response, conducted either independently or combined with other training formats, is anticipated. This paper reviews several applications of VR-based training in the United States, and reveals advantages as well as potential drawbacks and challenges associated with the implementation of such training platform.
A novel lanthanide-organic framework (Eu-HODA), consisting of 2,2',3,3'-oxidiphthalic acids as efficient sensitizing units, is assembled and characterized. Eu-HODA features rare chiral helical channels despite the achiral nature of HODA. It is found that this MOF shows a unique luminescent response to methanol, in contrast to n-propanol and ethanol. Eu-HODA reveals a turn-off luminescence switching initiated by acetone molecules with an EC of 0.03 vol %, which is below the occupational exposure limit of acetone stipulated by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Furthermore, it also exhibits high sensitivity (Stern-Volmer constant K = 2.09 × 10 L/mol) and low detection limit (6.4 ppb) for Fe ions in pure water because of the existence of uncoordinated carboxyl groups within open frameworks. Eu-HODA-based test paper provides a simple and reliable detection method for Fe in practical applications.
Background: Zn2+ was originally proposed to inhibit dopamine uptake by the dopamine transporter (DAT).Results: Zn2+ depressed peak currents, and modulated steady state-currents through DAT in a manner dependent on internal Na+.Conclusion: At physiological intracellular Na+, Zn2+ activates both the forward and exchange transport mode of DAT.Significance: The action of Zn2+ is of interest for rescuing conformationally trapped DAT mutants.
Although numerous studies acknowledge that strategies frequently fail not because of inadequate strategy formulation, but because of insufficient implementation, strategy implementation has received less research attention than strategy formulation. In this study, we review the factors that enable or impede effective strategy implementation, and survey the state-of-the-art in this domain. We highlight how strategy implementation has been researched so far -and in which contexts -and how this field may be moved forward. As a result of our literature analysis, spanning the last twenty-four years, we find nine crucial factors for strategy implementation that are frequently discussed in the literature as well as two approaches of aggregating and relating relevant factors. We find several important research needs regarding these factors and outline how they could be addressed.
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