In last decades, immunotherapies became more and more significant as a cancer treatment method. Many in vivo and in vitro studies have been conducted in the literature in order to determine the appropriate diagnostic and treatment methods for cancer. During the development of therapeutic vaccines, determination of vaccine concentration which is the beginning step of in vivo studies, is critical for the healthy progression of the studies. Breast cancer which occurs by uncontrolled proliferation as a result of exposure of healthy cells in breast tissue to factors such as DNA damage, UV, radiation, carcinogens and, various chemicals has a huge portion among the cancer types. In this study, for the first time, antigens generated by two different antigen preparation methods (autoclaving, freezing-thawing) using AU-565 / MCF-7 cell lines. Then, antigens derived from human breast cancer cell lines were applied alone and with different adjuvants (Polyoxidonium, Freund’s) to the J774 macrophage cell culture system and the L929 fibroblast cell line in order to investigate immunostimulant activity and cytotoxicity via Griess reagent and MTT test respectively. At the end of the 48th hour, the cell viability well will be examined and the most appropriate antigen-adjuvant combination and its concentration for vaccine preparation were determined. Among the antigen preparation methods, it was determined that the freeze-thaw method was more effective than the autoclave method, and the antigens prepared by the freeze-thaw method from the AU-565 and MCF-7 cell lines showed the highest immunostimulatory activity at a concentration of 160 µg/ml. Among the adjuvants, the immunostimulant effect of Freund's adjuvant was found to be higher. In the light of these results, the optimal vaccine concentration against breast cancer and the viability analysis of these concentrations were determined. All in all, it is thought that antibodies obtained from in vivo studies using the most appropriate antigen preparation method and the most appropriate vaccine concentration can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.
Cancer occurs as a result of uncontrolled proliferation of cells. Although there are different types of cancer, gastric cancer is among the most common cancer types in the world. Many treatment approaches have been developed against gastric cancer. However, the treatment methods used today not only kill cancer cells but also damage healthy cells. Due to the disadvantages of the treatment methods used, herbal treatment approaches have started to be used. It is stated in the literature that Diindolylmethane (DIM) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C) molecules in Elettaria Cardamomum (E. Cardamomum) extract kill cancer cells by suppressing hormone pathways. In this study, the effect of E. Cardamomum and proleukin drug combinations on AGS, J774, THP-1 cell lines was investigated. As a result, it was determined that cardamom extract has a high cytotoxic effect on AGS gastric cancer cell line thanks to I3C and DIM molecules. It was determined that proleukin drug combined with cardamom extract had a higher rate of killing in AGS cells than the use of cardamom extract alone.
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women and is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths. It is caused by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells in the breast tissue as a result of various factors. For the treatment of breast cancer, chemical drugs are utilized generally. However, chemical cancer drugs have a cytotoxic effect on healthy cells. That causes dose limitation and a decrease in the effectiveness of the treatment. For this reason, herbal-based studies in the treatment of breast cancer become popular day by day. In the literature, the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of many plants have been analyzed and their effectiveness has been proven. Diindolylmethane (DIM) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C) molecules found in Elettaria Cardamomum (E. Cardamomum, Cardamom) plant, reduce metastasis, tumorigenesis, immunomodulation. It has been shown in the literature that they play a role in preventing the development of breast cancer via inducing apoptotic pathways in the breast cancer cell. Herein, it is aimed to prevent breast cancer development by applying cardamom extract and cardamom Extract-Freund's adjuvant combination to THP-1 human macrophage cell line and MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and to increase the efficiency of cardamom extract with the use of an adjuvant. As a result, it was determined that the cytotoxic effect of the cardamom Extract-Freund’s adjuvant combination on breast cancer cells was higher than the alone cardamom extract application. At the same time, it was determined that the toxic effect of Freund's adjuvant could be reduced by increasing the plant extract concentration.
One of the biggest challenges in the fight against cancer is early detection. Early diagnosis is vital, but there are some barriers such as economic, cultural, and personal factors. Considering the disadvantages of radiological imaging techniques or serological analysis methods used in cancer diagnosis, such as being expensive, requiring expertise, and being time-consuming, there is a need to develop faster, more reliable, and cost-effective diagnostic methods for use in cancer diagnosis. Exosomes, which are responsible for intercellular communication with sizes ranging from 30-120 nm, are naturally produced biological nanoparticles. Thanks to the cargo contents they carry, they are a potential biomarker to be used in the diagnosis of cancer. Exosomes, defined as extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin, are effective in cancer growth, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance, and changes in microenvironmental conditions during tumor development change exosome secretion. Due to their high cellular activity, tumor cells produce much higher exosomes than healthy cells. Therefore, it is known that the number of exosomes in body fluids is significantly rich compared to other cells and can act as a stand-alone diagnostic biomarker. Cancer-derived exosomes have received great attention in recent years for the early detection of cancer and the evaluation of therapeutic response. In this article, the content, properties, and differences of exosomes detected in common types of cancer (lung, liver, pancreas, ovaries, breast, colorectal), which are the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, are reviewed. We also discuss the potential utility of exosome contents as a biomarker for early detection, which is known to be important in targeted cancer therapy.
Missing observations in data affect the results due to the decreased data quality and may produce bias depending on the proportion of the missing. There are several sources which can cause the missing, such as database integration issues or system failure in large databases, software-produced errors in research data or
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