The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) on polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) function in dogs with cancer. PMNs were harvested from dogs with naturally developing cancer as a pre-clinical model to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of rhGM-CSF on PMN phagocytic and cytotoxic functions, cytokine production and receptor expression. Some aspects of cancer-related PMN dysfunction in dogs with cancer were restored following incubation with rhGM-CSF including PMN phagocytosis, respiratory burst and LPS-induced TNF-α production. In addition, rhGM-CSF increased surface HLA-DR expression on the PMNs of dogs with cancer. These data suggests that dysfunction of innate immune response in dogs with cancer may be improved by rhGM-CSF. The results of this study provided a pathophysiologic rationale for the initiation of clinical trials to continue evaluating rhGM-CSF as an immunomodulatory therapy in dogs with cancer.
In this research, the volumetric efficiency of the axial-piston pump is examined as it relates to the compressibility losses of the fluid. In particular, two valve-plate geometries are compared to show that alterations in the valve-plate design can cause differences in the operating efficiency of the pump. In this paper, a standard valve-plate design which utilizes slots is compared to a trapped-volume design which eliminates the slots altogether. In the analytical result of this paper, it maybe shown that the standard valve-plate design introduces a volumetric loss which may be accounted for by the uncontrolled expansion and compression of the fluid that occurs through the slots themselves. By eliminating these slots, and utilizing a trapped volume design, it may be shown that improvements in the operating efficiency can be achieved. Though this paper does not claim to provide the ideal valve-plate design for all pump applications, it does provide the theoretical reason for utilizing trapped volumes and lends general insight into the overall problem of valve-plate design.
A mathematical model predicting the oscillating motion in an oscillating heat pipe is developed. The model considers the vapor bubble as the gas spring for the oscillating motions including effects of operating temperature, non-linear vapor bulk modulus, and temperature difference between the evaporator and the condenser. Combining the oscillating motion predicted by the model, a mathematical model predicting the temperature drop between the evaporator and the condenser is developed including the effects of the forced convection heat transfer due to the oscillating motion, the confined evaporating heat transfer in the evaporating section, and the thin film condensation in the condensing section. In order to verify the mathematical model, an experimental investigation was conducted. Experimental results indicate that there exists an onset power input for the excitation of oscillating motions in an oscillating heat pipe, i.e., when the input power or the temperature difference from the evaporating section to the condensing section was higher than this onset value the oscillating motion started, resulting in an enhancement of the heat transfer in the pulsating heat pipe. Results of the investigation will assist in optimizing the heat transfer performance and provide a better understanding of heat transfer mechanisms occurring in the oscillating heat pipe.
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