No abstract

Depression increasingly affects a wide range and a large number of people worldwide, both physically and psychologically, which makes it a social problem requiring prompt attention and management. Accumulating clinical and animal studies have provided us with substantial insights of disease pathogenesis, especially central monoamine deficiency, which considerably promotes antidepressant research and clinical treatment. The first-line antidepressants mainly target the monoamine system, whose drawbacks mainly include slow action and treatment resistant. The novel antidepressant esketamine, targeting on central glutamatergic system, rapidly and robustly alleviates depression (including treatment-resistant depression), whose efficiency is shadowed by potential addictive and psychotomimetic side effects. Thus, exploring novel depression pathogenesis is necessary, for seeking more safe and effective therapeutic methods. Emerging evidence has revealed vital involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in depression, which inspires us to pursue antioxidant pathway for depression prevention and treatment. Fully uncovering the underlying mechanisms of OS-induced depression is the first step towards the avenue, thus we summarize and expound possible downstream pathways of OS, including mitochondrial impairment and related ATP deficiency, neuroinflammation, central glutamate excitotoxicity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine receptor kinase B dysfunction and serotonin deficiency, the microbiota-gut-brain axis disturbance and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis dysregulation. We also elaborate on the intricate interactions between the multiple aspects, and molecular mechanisms mediating the interplay. Through reviewing the related research progress in the field, we hope to depict an integral overview of how OS induces depression, in order to provide fresh ideas and novel targets for the final goal of efficient treatment of the disease.

Gold nanoparticles (Au(NP))/Nafion composite material was prepared by reducing HAuCl(4) with aliphatic alcohol in the presence of Nafion. Sensing material of Nafion was then coated on a quartz crystal Microbalance (QCM) that was subsequently investigated for low humidity sensing. Sensitivity of QCM for humidity detection humidity was promoted by the Au(NP) addition to Nafion. Response measurement was performed under humidity concentrations between 12.3 to 2380.9 ppm. The sensitivities of Nafion and Au(NP)/Nafion films towards 12.3 ppm were 0.526 and 1.842 Hz/ppm, respectively. The slope and correlation coefficients (R(2)) for Au(NP)/Nafion for the humidity range from 38.3 to 637.5 ppm were 0.0978 and 0.9953, respectively. The higher sensitivity for Au(NP)/Nafion films over Nafion films was explained by their large association constants (Au(NP)/Nafion, 14496.3 and Nafion, 9228.8) and stronger adsorption bond by theoretical simulation results