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Abstract:The influence of global climate change due to greenhouse effects on the earth's environment will require impact assessment, mitigation and adaptation strategies for the future of our society. This study predicts future ocean wave climate in comparison with present wave climate based on the atmospheric general circulation model and global wave model. The annual averaged and extreme sea surface winds and waves are analyzed in detail. There are clear regional dependences of both annual average and also extreme wave height changes from present to future climates. The wave heights of future climate will increase at both middle latitudes and also in the Antarctic Ocean, with a decrease at the equator.

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We succeeded in observing bright electroluminescence (EL) from 1wt%-rubrene doped tetraphenylpyrene (TPPy) as an active layer in a lateral organic light-emitting diode structure that allowed field-effect transistor operation. This device configuration provides an organic light-emitting diode structure where the anode (source) and cathode (drain) electrodes are laterally arranged, providing us a chance to control the EL intensity by changing the gate bias. We demonstrated that TPPy provides compatible transistor and EL characteristics. Further, not only rubrene doping into the TPPy host but also adjusting the source-drain channel length significantly improved the EL characteristics. We observed a maximum EL quantum efficiency (ηext) of ∼0.5% with a Cr∕Au source (S)-drain (D) electrode and a slightly higher ηext of ∼0.8% with S-D electrodes of MgAu∕Au, Al∕Au, Cr∕YAu∕Au, and MgAl∕Au multilayers, aiming for simultaneous hole and electron injection.