A miniature x-ray tube is described. The tube is made of Kovar, inside which a grounded target is located close to a field-electron emitter consisting of aligned carbon nanofibers, which continues to work for around 100 h in the 10 Ϫ6 Pa region unless arcing is induced between the electrodes. The resolution of the contact x-ray images provided by the tube would be impossible using the existing techniques of conventional x-ray radiography, whether the sample is biological or nonbiological.
A transmission x-ray tube super-miniature in size is described. The x-ray tube is 5mm in diameter, and comprised of a built-in electron-emitter assembly and a grounded planar target. The key component of the emitter assembly is a Kovar pipe 2mm in diameter, inside which carbon nanofibers aligned on an electro-polished molybdenum tip are loaded to serve as the electron emitter. This type of electron emitter is highly robust in non-ultrahigh vacuum, continuing to field emit electrons for 100h or longer at pressures in the 10−5Pa region. This x-ray tube provides clear x-ray images.
Field-electron emission from carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on Pd wires of 50μm in diameter was extensively studied in ultrahigh vacuum ambience by measuring current–voltage curves and stability over time. The CNFs, grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, were aligned perpendicular to the wire and were topped with a faceted single crystal of Pd. The emission from the CNFs was characterized by remarkable stability over a long time (600 h), and exhibited a maximum current of I=1.3mA. The maximum current corresponds to a current density of J≅0.6A∕cm2 when estimated considering only the geometrical emitting area.
Cell fusionis difficult so that research institutions try to fusion with many methods. For example, method of using polyethylene glycol (PEG) is useful and it mainly use in fusion. However cell fusion efficiency of this method is less. In this paper we suggest efficient fusion of PEG with combining optical tweezers and dielectrophoresis (DEP). Optical tweezers is useful tool in cell manipulation ant it has features of non-invasive and non-contact. Using this technique, we can take target cell from many cells. DEP are known to manipulate cell and form pearl chain by non-uniform electric field. We think DEP lead to efficient cell fusion of PEG because probability of cell adhered by only PEG is less.So we performed firstly take protoplast of red cabbage as specific cell from cells to parallel electrodes by optical tweezers and second, we observed cell-cell fusion by PEG with cell formed pearl chain by DEP. Furthermore we demonstrated using optical tweezers at 980 nm, showed manipulation dates of polymer microspheres, yeast cell and protoplast of red cabbage.
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