Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections are a severe threat to public health owing to their high risk of fatality. Noticeably, the premature degradation and undeveloped imaging ability of antibiotics still remain challenging. Herein, a selenium nanosystem in response to a bacteria-infected microenvironment is proposed as an antibiotic substitute to detect and inhibit methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with a combined strategy. Using natural red blood cell membrane (RBCM) and bacteria-responsive gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs), the Ru–Se@GNP-RBCM nanosystem was constructed for effective delivery of Ru-complex-modified selenium nanoparticles (Ru–Se NPs). Taking advantage of natural RBCM, the immune system clearance was reduced and exotoxins were neutralized efficiently. GNPs could be degraded by gelatinase in pathogen-infected areas in situ; therefore, Ru–Se NPs were released to destroy the bacteria cells. Ru–Se NPs with intense fluorescence imaging capability could accurately monitor the infection treatment process. Moreover, excellent in vivo bacteria elimination and a facilitated wound healing process were confirmed by two kinds of MRSA-infected mice models. Overall, the above advantages proved that the prepared nanosystem is a promising antibiotic alternative to combat the ever-threatening multidrug-resistant bacteria.

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Chinese policy entrepreneurs, Strategy, Technical Infeasibility Model, Policy process, Detention and repatriation system,

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