Background and Objective: We sought to review the latest developments in cortical visual prosthesis (CVP) systems and the significance of nanotechnology for the future. Over the past century, CVP systems have been researched and developed, resulting in various unique surgical and mechanical techniques.Research findings indicate that partial vision recovery is possible, with improvements in coarse target functions and performance in routine activities.Methods: This review discusses the architecture and physiology of the visual cortex, the neuroplasticity of the blind brain, and the history of CVP development, and also provides an update on the CVP systems currently being examined in research and clinical trials. Due to advances in nanotechnology, it is possible to make CVPs that are smaller, more efficient, and more biocompatible than ever before.Key Content and Findings: Currently, 3 CVPs have entered clinical trials, and several additional systems are undergoing preclinical reviews to determine the safety of the devices for chronic implantation. This development provides the first indication that the area of cortical vision restoration medication may be able to meaningfully benefit blind people. However, several significant technical and biological challenges need to be solved before the gap between artificial and natural eyesight can be reconciled. Rapid breakthroughs in nanotechnology have considerably increased its use in biological domains.Conclusions: This paper summarizes the recent progress of CVP in recent years and its future development direction. It is forecasted that nanotechnology can provide better technical support for the development of CVP.
As digital finance ushers into a new era, carbon emissions in China have been peaking, highlighting the necessity of carbon neutrality. This work uses a dynamic spatial Durbin model, combined with a mediating effect model of the data from 30 provinces from 2011 to 2019, to explore the impact, transmission paths, and spatio-temporal heterogeneity of digital finance (Df) on carbon emission intensity (Cg). Meanwhile, the validation explores the mediating role of technological innovation (Rd), industrial restructuring (Is), and entrepreneurial effects (Es) in the process of digital finance influencing green low-carbon development. The empirical results show that: first, digital finance (Df) has a promoting effect on regional CO2 reduction capacity (Cg), and this conclusion still holds under multiple robustness tests; second, digital finance (Df) can promote the regional CO2 reduction capacity (Cg) through two paths, namely, promoting technological progress (Rd) and optimizing industrial structure (Is); third, the impact of inclusive digital finance on CO2 emission intensity is heterogeneous. By analyzing regions with different economic development levels, we found that digital inclusive finance in the eastern region can enhance CO2 reduction capacity, while in the central and western regions, the impact is not significant. Given this situation, China, to achieve carbon neutrality, should boost financial development’s ability to reduce carbon emission, promote technological progress, and optimize the industrial structure, thus forming a green and low-carbon economic cycle. This paper fills the research gap on how digital finance can effectively promote green development while exerting economic effects, and at the same time, enriches the literature on factors influencing green and low-carbon development.
A microsphere measurement system based on dual scanning probe microscopes is presented, and the ruby microsphere of a Renishaw commercial stylus used for micro-coordinate measuring machines is measured. The main errors in the measurement are separated and corrected, and the uncertainties of the measured diameter and sphericity are evaluated using the Monte Carlo method. The results indicate that the microsphere diameter is 304.319 µm with an expanded uncertainty of 0.027 µm (k = 2), and its sphericity is 0.124 µm with an expanded uncertainty of 0.041 µm (k = 2). The measured dimensions of the commercial ruby sphere are consistent with the DIN standard 5401:2002, and the measurement results are accurate and reliable.
A homodyne interferometer is one of the most important tools in nanometre measurements. However, its nonlinear error seriously affects measurement accuracy at the sub-nanometre level. As one of the dominant factors that cause nonlinear error in a homodyne interferometer with a quadrature detector system, the imperfection of polarizing beam splitters (PBSs) is investigated in this paper. The nonlinear error caused by the imperfection of PBSs in the detection part can be reduced by adjusting the gains of detectors. Nevertheless, eliminating the nonlinear error caused by the polarization mixing of the PBS in the interferometer part is difficult. In this paper, the nonlinear error caused by the polarization mixing of the PBS in the interferometer part is analyzed, and an optical compensation method is proposed to correct this polarization mixing. Theoretical calculation and simulation analysis show that this method can reduce the effect of inherent polarization mixing on nonlinear error significantly. In comparison with using only gain adjustment, the nonlinear error can be reduced by two orders of magnitude when the proposed method is applied. The nonlinear error can be decreased from approximately 4.5 nm to approximately 0.045 nm using the presented method based on the simulation results.
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