Pore-scale elastic microspheres were prepared controllably and their swelling property, stability, and creeprecovery property in brine water were analyzed in laboratory. The goal of the research was to study the selectivity of the porescale elastic microspheres as a novel profile control (water injection profile modification) and oil displacement agent. The matching factor between particle size of elastic microspheres and pore throat diameter of sand pack model was introduced to characterize their matching relationship. The results indicate that the optimal matching factor is 1.35−1.55. Besides, the profile control and oil displacement effect were studied using a series of heterogeneous double-tube sand pack models with optimal matching factors. The shunt flow experiments show that when the matching factor is an optimal value, the elastic microspheres prefer to plug the high-permeability layer selectivity and almost do not clog the low-permeability layer. The oil displacement experiments show that the elastic microspheres have the characteristic of plugging water without plugging oil and can improve the sweep status and oil displacement effect of low-permeability layer and low-permeability area in the high-permeability layer. According to the experimental results and actual situation of Block Liu 28-1, an optimal program for the profile control and oil displacement of elastic microspheres was proposed and conducted. The results show that the elastic microspheres can improve the water injection profile effectively. The results also confirm that the matching factor is an appropriate measure to evaluate the profile control and oil displacement effect of elastic microspheres and to guide the field test.
ObjectiveWhether the orthodontic treatment with premolar extraction and maximum anchorage in adults will lead to a narrowed upper airway remains under debated. The study aims to investigate the airway changes after orthodontic extraction treatment in adult patients with Class II and hyperdivergent skeletal malocclusion.Materials and MethodsThis retrospective study enrolled 18 adults with Class II and hyperdivergent skeletal malocclusion (5 males and 13 females, 24.1 ± 3.8 years of age, BMI 20.33 ± 1.77 kg/m2). And 18 untreated controls were matched 1:1 with the treated patients for age, sex, BMI, and skeletal pattern. CBCT images before and after treatment were obtained. DOLPHIN 11.7 software was used to reconstruct and measure the airway size, hyoid position, and craniofacial structures. Changes in the airway and craniofacial parameters from pre to post treatment were assessed by Wilcoxon signed rank test. Mann-Whitney U test was used in comparisons of the airway parameters between the treated patients and the untreated controls. Significant level was set at 0.05.ResultsThe upper and lower incisors retracted 7.87 mm and 6.10 mm based on the measurement of U1-VRL and L1-VRL (P < 0.01), while the positions of the upper and lower molars (U6-VRL, and L6-VRL) remained stable. Volume, height, and cross-sectional area of the airway were not significantly changed after treatment, while the sagittal dimensions of SPP-SPPW, U-MPW, PAS, and V-LPW were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the morphology of the cross sections passing through SPP-SPPW, U-MPW, PAS, and V-LPW became anteroposteriorly compressed (P <0.001). No significant differences in the airway volume, height, and cross-sectional area were found between the treated patients and untreated controls.ConclusionsThe airway changes after orthodontic treatment with premolar extraction and maximum anchorage in adults are mainly morphological changes with anteroposterior dimension compressed in airway cross sections, rather than a decrease in size.
Background/Aims: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains an intractable genitourinary malignancy. Resistance to chemotherapy or targeted therapies in RCC is presumably due to the complicated underlying molecular mechanisms and insufficient understanding. The aim of this research was to assess the expression and role of bromodomain-4 protein (BRD4) in RCC and evaluate the effects of BRD4 inhibitor JQ1 for RCC treatment. Methods: BRD4 expressionlevels were assessed by qRT-PCR and western blot in RCC tissues and cells. The effects of BRD4 knockdown or JQ1 on RCC cells were assessed by MTT assay and flow cytometry. The effects of in vivo treatment were evaluated through xenograft experiments. Results: BRD4 is significantly overexpressed in RCC, and is related to tumor stage and lymph node metastasis. Inhibition of BRD4 suppressed RCC cell proliferation, induced cell apoptosis in vitro and repressed tumor growth in vivo. Inhibition of BRD4 decreased BCL2 and C-MYC expression while increased BAX and cleaved caspase3 expression, and strikingly diminished the recruitment of BRD4 to BCL2 promoter. Conclusions: Our research reveals that BRD4 probably play a critical role in RCC progression, and is a new promising target for pharmacological treatment directed against this intractable disease.
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