The discovery of safe and cost‐effective radical sources, exploration of novel and efficient radical reactions as well as elucidation of reaction mechanisms have been long‐standing goals for the synthetic community. Recently the utilization of alkylborates and alkylboronates as radical sources via transition metal‐catalyzed oxidative deboronation or photocatalyzed deboronative pathways has allowed the development of a wide range of innovative reactions. These methods enable chemists to forge C−C or C−X bonds for many intriguing and valuable chemical transformations. This review examines the recent significant advances in radical functionalization of alkylboronates with emphasis on both synthetic outcome and reaction mechanism.magnified image

A novel hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide (PAAHO) of acrylamide, 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonate, capsaicin-like monomer N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzyl) acrylamide (HMBA), and hydrophobic monomer octadecyl acrylate was synthesized by micellar copolymerization and characterized by fourier transform infrared spectrum, ultraviolet-visible spectrum, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. By adjusting various factors, a series of PAAHOs with different block structures were prepared. The hydrophobic association properties were then studied by viscometry and fluorescence spectrometry. Solution behavior was examined with respect to polymer concentration, ionic strength, and temperature. Also, the antibacterial activity was investigated. Results show that initiator amount influenced not only the molecular weight but also the yield and composition of resulting copolymers. PAAHOs possess strong thickening capability, and the hydrophobic association is enhanced as hydrophobe content increases. PAAHOs have excellent viscosity retention in brine solution and exhibit unique rheological behavior including a salt-thickening response. Incorporation of HMBA greatly improves the thermal stability of PAAHO. Moreover, PAAHO is endowed with considerable antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

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