Background and aimsGrowing studies have focused on the effect of lead exposure on human circulatory system, while the relationship between lead exposure and subclinical myocardial injury (SC-MI) is still poorly known. Therefore, this study was to explore the effect of lead exposure on SC-MI.MethodsThe study included 6,272 individuals aged 40 and older without cardiovascular disease (CVD) from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Blood lead was used as an alternative marker of lead exposure. Multivariable logistic regression models, restricted cubic spline and threshold effect analyses were performed to investigate the effect of blood lead on SC-MI.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, sex, race, diabetes, hypertension, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, triglycerides, total cholesterol, creatinine, fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin Alc, higher blood lead level was independently related to higher risk of SC-MI (OR 1.047, 95% CI [1.018, 1.077]; P = 0.003). Restricted cubic spline curve showed that there was a non-linear correlation between blood lead and SC-MI. Threshold effect analysis determined that the inflection point of blood lead was 3.8 ug/dl. When the blood lead level was higher than 3.8 ug/dl, there was an independent positive correlation between blood lead level and the risk of SC-MI (OR 1.031, 95% CI [1.009, 1.053]; P < 0.01). And similar associations were also observed among subgroups of male, ≤60 years, >60 years, never smoker, non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black or without hypertension and diabetes.ConclusionsBlood lead was non-linearly related to SC-MI in population free from CVD.
BackgroundAlthough studies have shown that higher waist-hip ratio (WHR) is closely related to higher risk of metabolism-related diseases, the relationship between WHR and subclinical myocardial injury (SC-MI) is unknown. This study was to evaluate the effect of WHR on SC-MI in the general population free from cardiovascular disease.MethodsThe cross-sectional study included 6253 participants without cardiovascular disease (CVD) from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) for further analysis. Restricted cubic spline, multivariable logistic regression models and subgroup analyses were performed to assess the association between WHR and SC-MI.ResultsThe multivariate logistic regression showed that after adjusting for potential confounding factors, participants in the higher quartiles had higher risk of developing SC-MI than those in the first quartile of WHR [Q3, OR (95% CI): 1.523 (1.159, 2.000), P = 0.002; Q4, OR (95% CI): 1.719 (1.279, 2.311), P < 0.001], and this relationship was robust among the participants aged ≥ 50 years, with hypertension and without diabetes. Every 0.1 unit increase in WHR, as a continuous variable, increased the risk of SC-MI by more than 20% [OR (95% CI): 1.233 (1.092, 1.392), P = 0.001]. And restricted cubic spline analysis showed that there was a linear positive correlation between WHR and the risk of SC-MI.ConclusionsWHR may be an independent risk factor for SC-MI in the general population free from CVD.
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